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TheInternethasbeenaroundmuchlonger.TheWebisamorerecentinvention,buthasbeen  largelyresponsibleforthephenomenalgrowthofInternetmediagenerallysince1993.Tim  _Berners_ԄLeeandhisteamatCERN(theEuropeanParticlePhysicsLaboratory)inventedthe t WorldWideWebin1992.  P($USUS.,    5    _Indeed,itcanbearguedthatmuchoftheexplosivepopularityoftheWebwhenittook  offwas precisely aproductofthis serendipityeffectofencounteringthingsthatare  unexpected.IhaveobservedpersonallythatmostifnotallWebusersexpecttobesurprised  andtoencounternewthingswhenexploringtheWeb,andthatthevastmajorityofthem x affirmativelyappreciateandactivelyseekout serendipityeventsinwhichtheyencounternew d andunexpectedthings.Inshort,theonlything expectedbyWebusersistheunexpected.http://www.fordreallysucks.comhttp://www.verizonreallysucks.com  P($USUS.,    6    _SeeReal_Cybersquatting_ԀReallySucks,Wired(May9,2000),<  4x NO  5  http://www.wired.com/news/business/0,1367,36210,00.html6NOP  7 Ԁ>,_Exh_.5.  http://www.wired.com/news/business/0,1367,36210,00.htmlhttp://www.fuckracism.comhttp://www.fuckthemassmedia.com  P($USUS.,    7    __Verizon_ԀDropsSuitAgainst2600,_Slashdot_Ԁ(Sept.13,2000),<  4~ NO  5  http://slashdot.org/yro/00/09/13/195213.shtml6NO P  7 9Ԁ>,_Exh_.6.    Berners.fuckgeneralmotors.comhttp://slashdot.org/yro/00/09/13/195213.shtmlhttp://www.2600.com ] P($USUS.,    4    _AnearlyspecificationforHTTPomittedthisfeature,butalmosteveryoneusesnewer  browserscompliantwithupdatedstandards.Perfectiondoesnotseemtobeanabsolute  requirementunderthecircumstances.http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkMyths.htmlhttp://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkMyths.html6 4heading 1    XXXE!2 `CG TimesE     XXXS \  `&Times New RomanS   6@ 34heading 2   XXX      XXX6l q4heading 3  H h  D,DL XXX    2( 4 <DL2   H XXX !USUS.,  _ XX  |Oa INTHEUNITEDSTATESDISTRICTCOURT  !@@ FORTHEEASTERNDISTRICTOFMICHIGAN   #!# &       X X  X XX X X0HXX X X0HXXX0HX0HXXX0HX0HXXX0HX0HXXX0HX0HXXX0HX0HXXX0H!X XXX0H    #!X XX!X @#!X!X o  #!D#!SOUTHERNDIVISIONo*  Ԍ  Ќ  !!!! !                  _ # l# 'c@* ?+ ,4 <DLX? FORDMOTORCOMPANY,    ?( 4 <DL,X?   p     &      X X  X XX X     # X XX X # X X   Plaintiffs,   h     6Ԍ   Ќ           '  Xv. `     h     CaseNo.00CV71685DT    X  Hon.RobertH._Cleland_     ?+ ,4 <DLX? 2600ENTERPRISES,andERIC0    UnitedStatesDistrictJudge (#(#  _CORLEY_,pseudonymouslyknownas   EMMANUEL_GOLDSEIN_,       `    &  ?( 4 <DL,X?  H h*D,DLX*  X X  X XX X     # X XX X q# X X k   Defendants   p     k h    Ԍ   Ќ h! XD,DX!   H      <( 4 <DLX<____________________________________/# #!'    p     #!!##X XI #   DECLARATIONOFERIC_CORLEY_    X XXX     I,Eric_Corley_,of_Setauket_,NewYork,declareunder28U.S.C.1746,thatthefollowing | testimonyistrueandcorrect: T   1. ` MynameisEric_Corley_.IresideinMiddleIsland,NewYork.Iamcommonly ,| knownbymyliterarynomdeplumeorpseudonym!EmmanuelGoldstein.Itisunderthisnamethat T Ipublishmostofmywork.TheinspirationformypseudonymisfromGeorgeOrwellsbook1984. , Goldsteinisafictionalcharacterreferredtointhatbook.     2. ` IamtheEditorandPublisherof2600:TheHackerQuarterly.2600wasfirst " publishedin1984.2600EnterprisesisaNewYorknonprofitcorporation,basedinNewYork. d$!   3.0 ` IhavefirsthandandpersonalknowledgeofthemattersstatedinthisDeclaration,<&!#` (#` (# exceptwherestatementsarespecificallyidentifiedasbaseduponinformationandbelief,andas (d#% tothosestatements,Iamsoinformedafterreasonableinvestigationandbelievethemtobetrue. )<%' IfcalledupontotestifytothestatementsinthisDeclaration,Icouldandwouldcompetentlydo +') sounderoath.#X XX X ]# -(+   4. ` A hacker,simplyput,issomebodywhoisenthusiasticaboutasubjectandlikesthe  challengeofsolvingproblems.Often, hackersareenthusiasticabouttechnology,butthesame  _mindset_Ԁcanbesharedbypeoplewhoarepassionateaboutmusic,orpainting,orflyfishing,or ` sports.Mosthackersloveachallengeandliketoexplore.Wetendtobestrongproponentsof 8  personallibertyandfreedom,andopponentsofauthoritarianinstitutionalpower!especiallywhen  ` itisusedinwaysthatlimitfreedom. Hackersaresometimesmisunderstood.Asillustratedbest,  8  perhaps,bythenowfamousSteveJacksonGamescase,SteveJacksonGames,Inc.v.UnitedStates   SecretServ., X XXX Ԁ36F.3d457,462(5thCir.1994)#X XX X #,itisalltooeasyforsomekindsofinstitutions!   especiallyinstitutionsproneto _groupthink_onthesubjectof hackers!todevelopextremeand p exaggeratedbeliefsaboutimaginarythreats!andtotakeactionthatisclearlyexcessiveunderthe H circumstances.Ithinkitisimportanttomakeaspecialefforttoseparaterealityfromfiction.  p   5. ` Ioftenwriteandspeakabouttechnology.Myprofessionalspecialtyforthepast17 H yearshasbeenexplaininginconsiderabletechnicaldetailtheinnerworkingsandfunctionof   computersandcommunicationnetworks,includingtheInternet.Ihavealsobeenanactive  participantinandchroniclerofInternetcultureforoveradecade,andhavespecializedknowledge  ofthehistoryandcultureoftheInternet,aswellasgoverningnormsandcommonunderstandings X  suchasthecommonlyunderstood freedomtolinkthatisthecentralandmostimportantnormof 0"  theWorldWideWeb.Butmywritingandpublicexpressionisalsoatleastasmuchaboutpolitics $X" asitisabouttechnology.MuchofwhatIsayanddocanactuallybedescribedasacombinationof %0!$ performanceartandsocialprotest.Technology(particularlytheInternetandcommunications '#& networks)hasbecomemyartisticmediumofchoice. )$( ! ! ((5h83*  6. ` We,asasociety,areonlybeginningtoexploreandunderstandthepossibilitiesofthe h+&* Internetasacommunicationsmedium.Oninformationandbelief,Iunderstandthatearlytelevision @-(, broadcastsresembledradiomorethanthemediumwewatchtoday.ItwasvisionarieslikeSteve  Allen,JackBenny,andLucilleBallwhobegantodemonstratethattelevisionhadcommunicative  possibilities(sightgags,forexample)thatwereimpossibleviaradioorinprint.Moreover,itquickly ` becameapparentthattelevisionofferedexpressivepossibilitiesthatevenstageandfilmdidnot. 8    7. ` Inthissamevein,thejuxtapositionoftheInternetDomainName<  ` fuckgeneralmotors.com>withthevisualimageoftheFORDhomepageisa hyperlinkjoke,told  8  inanewexpressivemediumthatdidnotexistuntil1992.Thejoke,inordertobetold,actually   requirestheuseofinterconnectionand linkingpropertiesuniquetotheWorldWideWeb,r Q#  1      ׀through   theestablishmentofa Websitepointer(afileentryonthe _Nameserver_computerforaparticular p DomainName)thatidentifiesaparticular_Webserver_Ԁ(the_Webserver_ԀissimplyidentifiedbyitsIP H address)asthenetworklocationfromwhichthosevisitorswhoinitiateaqueryforaWebpage,  p shouldbringtheWebpageup.Inotherwords,the jokeisaccomplishedbyusingatechniquethat H hasbecomesocommonontheInternetastobealmostubiquitous.Many_Websites_Ԁhavehundreds   oreventhousandsofdifferentDomainNamesall pointingtothesamepageonthesame  _Webserver_.IhavenoideahowmanydifferentDomainNamesFORDhaspointed(orothersmay  havepointed)tothesameWebsite(e.g.,Ihavepersonallylookedandfoundthatboth X   _www.FORD.com_and _www.fordmotorcompany.com_bothpointtothesamepage).Wehave 0"  merelytoldajokebyaddingonemorenametothelist,usingtheWebPointeronthe_Nameserver_ $X" fortheDomainNamefuckgeneralmotors.com. %0!$   8. ` Incidentally,itishelpfultonotethatthe WhoisrecordforthisDomainName '#& clearlyidentifies2600astheregistrantfortheDomainNameandnotFord.Giventhelimited  audienceforthisjoke(afterall,thejokeisonlyaccessibletopersonswhosecomplicityincludesa  willingnesstotypetheword fuckandwhotakethetroubletoenteraspecific25charactertext ` stringintotheirbrowsers),Iinferwithnearmathematicalcertaintythatmostofthepeople 8  encounteringthejokeprobablyknow,too,abouthowtodoa Whoistoseewhogetscreditfor  ` makingtheirdayabitbrighter.  8    9. ` Itisimportanttoexplaintheoriginandinspirationofthereferraljoke,butitis   equallyimportanttostartbyexplaininghow!asatechnicalmatter!thereferralmechanismworks.   The_Nameserver_Ԁiswherealltheactiontakesplace.Inthiscase,theDomainNameis hostedon p 2600'sown_Nameserver_Ԁ(216.66.24.2),aswellasonasecondary_Nameserver_Ԁ(204.194.104.4). H ThesecomputersarephysicallylocatedinNewYork.Thesesame_Nameservers_Ԁalsohostanumber  p ofotherdomainnames.Theprimary_nameserver_Ԁ(216.66.24.2)servesasa_Webserver_,butnotfor H themain2600Website.     10. ` Thisisgoingtobeveryimportantlater,butitmaybesomewhattechnical,soplease  rereadthisparagraphuntilitisclear.Itisimportantlater.Our servercomputeristrainedto  distinguishamongdifferentkindsof referrals.Ifa referralcomesinR Q#  2      ׀becausesomebodytypes X   2600.comintotheirbrowser,itwillbehandled differently thana referralresultingfromtyping 0"  theaddress www.2600.com.Ifyouuseabrowsertogotohttp://2600.comorhttp://216.66.24.2 $`" (thetwoarefunctionallyequivalent),ourserver(werunAPACHE,afreeprogram,asour_Webserver_ %8!$ program(asdoover60%ofthehostsontheInternet);the_Nameserver_,ofcourse,isbasedona '#& programcalledBIND)issetuptosay:  0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (# Greetings.Youdidnottypewwwinfrontofourname.(#(# 0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#Youneedtodothisinordertoberoutedproperly. t We'llsaveyouthetroublethistimeandallowyoutosimplyclickhere. ` Inthefuture,connecttowww.2600.com.Thanks!L  (# (# z6If,however,the referralcomesinbecausesomebodytypedtheaddressincludingtheWWW,then $ t theserverknowshowtodistinguishamongthesedifferentaddresses,andreroutesthe www  L  traffictoanotherIPaddressforahighvolumeWebserverthatweuse.Inthissameway,itis $  possibleforvirtuallyanycomputeractinginasimilarcapacity(includingFORDs)todistinguish   amongdifferent _referer_O Q#  3      ׀pathsandtoserveupadifferentWebpage!ortoredirecttoanotherIP   addressentirely!dependingonwhataddressavisitororiginally clickedonor,alternatively,typed \ intohisorherbrowser.Whenan HTTP( HypertextTransferProtocol!moreonthislater) 4 requestcomesfromaclientbrowsertoaWebsiteserver,therequestalmost, Q#  4      ׀alwayscontains  \  _referer_informationthatenablesthiskindofsorting.So,intheory,thesameWebsiteserver 4 machinecouldserveup20different_Websites_,dependingonwhichof20differentpiecesof   informationhappenedtobeindifferentincoming _referer_fieldsinHTTPrequests.This,too,is  quitecommon(thehostingofdozensofdifferent_Websites_Ԁonthesame Hostcomputer,depending l onwhichofseveral _referers_thehostrecognizesinthe _referer_fieldofdifferentWebsiterequests. D!   11. ` Notethata_Nameserver_Ԁ X XXX canalsobeusedtoactivateemail(usingsomethingcalled #l! the MXRecord),ortoactivateseveralotherfunctionstowhichaDomainNamecanbeput.At  present,however,theonlyfunctionfortheDomainNameatissueinthiscasethathasbeenactivated  istheWebpointer.EverycomputerontheInternethasauniqueIPaddress.WhentheWeb ` pointeronthe_Nameserver_ԀforaparticularDomainNameisactivated,itbeginscommunicatingwith 8  incominginformationrequestsinaparticularway.  `   12. ` Forexample,saythatanInternetuser(wellcallhimJacques),afterhearingabutthis  8  lawsuit,getscuriousandtypes<4S NO  5  www.fuckgeneralmotors.com6 DNOD  7 LDԀ>intoabrowserprogram.Whenthat   addressistypedintoabrowser,afewthingshappen.First,thebrowserprogramknowsitisgoing   toperformafunctioncalled HTTP!whichisamethod(a protocol)forenablingcomputersto p talktooneanother!inthisinstance,thecommunicationconsistsofa HypertextMarkupLanguage H ( HTML)documentwhichiscommonlyknownasaWebpage.TimBernersLeeinvented  p  HTTP,aswellas HTML,and URLs!whichtogetherdefinewhattheWorldWideWebis. H Mr.BernersLeedidnotchargeanyoneroyaltiesforthisinvention.Hejustgaveitawayforfree.   Inordertounderstandthesignificanceofthesedevelopmentsandwhathedidwiththem,itishelpful  toreadMr.BernersLeesbook WeavingtheWeb,(acopyisprovidedwiththisaffidavit),orto  listentotheinterviewshehasdoneonNationalPublicRadio(audiorecordingattachedas_Exh_.1).#X XX X @# X XXX Ԁ X  ThekeypointofMr.BernersLeescontributionisthatthe wholepoint oftheWorldWideWebis 0"  linkingthingstogether.WhatledhimtodeveloptheWebwasadesiretocreatea universal $`" informationspaceinwhichanyideaorinformationcouldexist,andinwhichanyideacouldbe %8!$ linkedtoanyother.Thus,inthe universalinformationspacethatBernersLeehasbestowedupon '#& theworld,thegeneraldefaultrule(commonlyunderstoodbyWebpublishers,andspecifically )$( intendedbythoseestablishingtheWeb)is freedomtolink. p+&*   13. ` Thereexistexceptionstothedefaultruleof freedomtolink!builtintoHTTPand H-(, thesoftwarethatservesupWebpages.Forexample,many_Websites_Ԁspecificallydesire(inwhole  orinpart) not tobelinkedtobyoutsiders.Theyhaveeveryrighttousepasswordprotection  functionstowalloffspecificpartsoftheirsitestounauthorizedpersons.Ortheycanusevarious h kindsofsecuritysoftware.Forexample,itisimpossiblejusttolinkdirectlytoaparticulararticle @  intheNewYorkTimesortheWallStreetJournal,becauseeachofthesecompaniesrequires  h passwordaccess.Mostpublishersofnaughtypictures(who,quitesensibly,dontwanttogivestuff  @  awayforfree)alsousepasswordprotectionandothersecuritydevices.     14. ` Thus,thedefaultrulefortheWebisthatanyonegetstopublishlinkstoanything   theywant(exceptinspecialcasesthatarenotpresentinthiscase!suchaspasswordprotectedpages x andthelike).ByparticipatingontheWeb,onebecomespartofabargain.Onesecurestheright P tolinktootherstotheextenttheirsitesarefreeto openaccess.Butonealsohasthecorresponding (x obligationtopermiteveryoneelseintheworld(evenifyoudisagreewiththeirviewpoints)also P publishhyperlinksorotherreferencestoonesownpage.AsexplainedontheWorldWideWeb ( ConsortiumWebsite(thisisthecentralcoordinatingbodyfortheWeb)!theactofpublishinga  Webpagehasalwaysbeenintendedtogiveeveryoneintheworldarighttomakeconnectionswith  thatWebpage.See#X XX X I#TimBernersLee,AxiomsofWebArchitecture4LinksandLaw:Myths, `  publishedat<45 NO  5  http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkMyths.html6UNO&U(_  75/TUԀ>,_Exh_.2( Wecannotregard 8"  anyoneashavingtherightnottobereferredtowithoutcompletelypullingtherugoutfromunder $`" freespeech.);seealsoTimBernersLee,AxiomsofWebArchitecture2LinksandLaw, %8!$ publishedat<45 NO  5  http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/_LinkLaw_6IWNO]W(_  75HWԀ>,_Exh_Ԁ3. Theabilitytorefertoa '#& document(orapersonoranythingelse)isingeneralafundamentalrightoffreespeechtothesame )$( extentthatspeechisfree.Makingthereferencewithahypertextlinkismoreefficientbutchanges p+&* nothingelse.... Thereisnoreasontohavetoaskbeforemakingalinktoanothersite. Links H-(, andLaw:Myths(emphasisinoriginal).Thishasalwaysbeenmypersonalunderstanding,andbased  onmyextensiveexperience,itisawidelyheldandcommonunderstandingthroughouttheInternet  community. `   15. ` ReturningtotheexampleofJacques,whenhetypestheWebsiteaddressintohis 8  browser,thiscommunicatestothebrowserprogram,inawayitunderstands, Iwanttopullupa  ` Webpage(anHTMLdocument).Butinordertoretrievethedocumentinquestion(Jacquesdoes  8  notnecessarilyknowwhatthecontentsofthedocumentwillbeatthetimehetypesthecommand),s Q#  5         thesoftwareonhismachineneedstotranslatethecommandintoanIPaddress.Computersuse   numberstoexchangeinformation,nothumanfriendlywords,sothetextstringisonlymeaningful p toJacquesscomputertotheextentitcanbetranslatedintoanumber.Inotherwords,the pointer H establishedby2600makesnoreferencetotheword FORD!oranyotherwordforthatmatter!  p atall.Whatthebrowserprogramdoesisfindout(perhapsitknowsalready,orperhapsitlooksup H theinformationfromsomeother_Nameserver_)theIPaddressofthe_Nameserver_Ԁonwhich<   fuckgeneralmotors.com>ishosted.That_Nameserver_,again,is216.66.24.2 X XXX .    16. ` So,thenextstepthatJacquessbrowsermakes,istosendaninquirytothe  216.66.24.2_Nameserver_: Hey,ImtryingtopullupaWebpagefor4T NO  5  www.fuckgeneralmotors.com6aNOa  7rv.#'b X  >.WherewouldIfindthatparticularpage?TheansweritwouldreceivewouldbeanIPaddress, 0"  inthiscase164.109.135.183#X XX X `#.Then,thebrowserestablishescommunicationswith164.109.135.183, $X" sendsthatserversomeinformationabouthowitwasreferred,andthenasksfortheprimaryHTML %0!$ document( homepage)at164.109.135.183 X XXX .(ThesamecommandasifJacqueshadtyped   http://164.109.135.183"intohisbrowser.).    17. ` However,becauseofaninterveningstepsetupbyFORD,onFORDscomputer,the ` Websitehomepagedoesntjustdisplayuponrequest.Instead,FORDs_Webserver_Ԁperformsa 8   redirectionstepuponallincomingtrafficthatasksforaWebpage.Thus,inthiscase,the  ` responsethatisgivenbyFordspageis thepageisntexactlyhere,youneedtoloadaspecific  8  address.Theexchangebetweenthecomputerslookssomethinglikethis:      ` Fetchinghttp://164.109.135.183/...      ` GEThttp://164.109.135.183/HTTP/1.0 p    ` User-Agent:SamSpade1.10 H    ` HTTP/1.1302Objectmoved  p    ` Server:Microsoft-IIS/5.0 H    ` Date:Tue,15May200105:43:17GMT   0  0` (#(#Set-Cookie:dialogue_id=18a3d0ea2001051506bb5afc;path=/;expires=Fri,  13-May-1105:43:17GMT;domain=._ford.com_` (#` (#    ` Location:http://www.ford.com/servlet/ecmcs/ford/index.jsp X     ` Connection:Keep-Alive 0"     ` Content-Length:169 $X"    ` Content-Type:text/html %0!$ 0  0` (#(#Set-Cookie:_ASPSESSIONIDGGGGGAFC_=_HAHFEICAPDBKNNPBLLENIFDM_; '#& path=/)$(` (#` (#    ` Cache-control:private h+&*    ` <_title>Object_Ԁmoved @-(, 0  0` (#(#

ObjectMoved

Thisobjectmaybefoundhere.` (#` (# #X XX X nd# X XXX (Thisis exactly whatonegetsfromtheFORDserveruponaskingforhttp://164.109.135.183#X XX X m#).From ` thispoint,mostbrowserprogramsaredesignedsothattheyknowtotakeoverautomaticallyand @  (invisiblytotheenduser)followFORDsdirectionstoopenthescriptfilecalled  h   X XXX http://_www.ford.com_/_servlet_/_ecmcs_/ford/_index.jsp_#X XX X o#.Andthatshowone arrivesattheFORD  @   homepage.     18. ` Theabovenarrativepointsouttwoimportantthings.First,2600doesnotemploythe   word FORDanywherealongthispath.FromtypingintheDomainNametothedisplayofthe x page.Instead,2600justreferstoaparticularIPaddress.Thefirsttimetheword Fordis P interjectedintotheequation,itisbyFORDsownmainserver.ThesecondpointisthatFORDhas (x achoicewhenthistrafficcomesintoitsWebsite(presumablyLOTSofpeoplepublishhyperlinks P toFORD,andallofthosehyperlinksconnectupwithFORDinaroughlysimilarfashionasthe ( processdescribedabove).FORDcanjustsimplyhaveitssoftware(evidently,Microsoftsoftware  insteadofAPACHE),screenoutreferralsthatcomefromtheURL<4UrvNO  5  www.fuckgeneralmotors.com6|tNOt   7rv'#t  >,andthenserveupadifferentpageorevenredirectthesepeopletothe2600homepage,orsimply `  causea 404Error.PageNotFoundmessagetoappearontheirscreens.Itistriviallyeasyto 8"  implementsuchatechnicalfix!atleastontheAPACHEsystemswithwhichIamfamiliarandthat $`"  most Websitehostsusebychoice.Moreover,suchatechnicalfixisclearlypreferabletoalegal %8!$ solution,becauseitdoesnotinvolveanyformof stateactionandthereforedoesnotraisespeech '#& concernsundertheU.S.Constitution(somestateconstitutions,Iunderstand,areadifferentmatter, )$( butIcanstateaffirmativelythat2600!ifFORDimplementssuchasimpletechnologicalfix!is x+&* notgoingtorespondbyfilingalawsuitinCaliforniatoforceorenjoinFORDtoremovethe block; P-(, insteadIstatehereunderoaththat2600'sresponsetoFordsconstructionofa virtualfenceagainst  ourhyperlinkjokewouldbetofindsomewhereelsetopointtheDomainName.).Inotherwords,  FORDcaneasilybuilda virtualfenceandresolvethisentirecasewithoutanyneedforcourt ` intervention.OrFORDcanjustaskasacourtesy. 8    19. ` Asexplainedinmoredetailbelow,wevebeenaskedinformally(notbyFORD)to  ` repointthisDomainNameinthepastandhavebeenwillingtodoso.Here,FORDhasneverasked.  8  Indeed,FORDhastakengreatcare not tomakeaninformalrequestbecauseFORDisclearlytrying   tousethiscaseforlegislativepurposesadtoestablishabadcontentcontrolprecedentforthe next    case.Thisiswhy,insteadoftryingtoseekasolution,FORDhastakenthepositionofdemanding  either(1)that2600acknowledgethatFORDhasalegalrightitdoesnot!alegal rightnottobe X referredto,or(2)thatthiscasebeforcedbeforethecourtinanefforttopersuadethiscourttoenact 0 thelegislationthatFORDhasproposed,therebyupsettingandoverturningalmostadecadeof X custom,conventionalwisdomandcommonunderstandingintheInternetcommunity. 0   20. ` Next,itisimportanttorememberthattheaudienceofthis hyperlinkjokeisrather  small.Noteveryoneisgoingtotype _www.fuckgeneralmotors.com_intotheirbrowserprogram  (unlessofcoursetheyvereadaboutourjokeonthe2600Website,orinWired,orsomeplaceelse h  thatalsoexplainssomethingaboutthejokeandwhoisbehindit).Idontpersonallyknowofany @"  angryGMownerswhohavejusttyped _www.fuckgeneralmotors.com_forgrins!butevenifsuch $h" hypotheticalpeople(again,Imunawareofanyevidencethatsuchpeopleevenexist)weretodoso, %@!$ weknowthismuchaboutthem:(1)theyarenotsooffendedbytheword fuckthattheyare '#& unwillingtotaketheinitiativeoftypingthosecharactersthemselves,and(2)FORDprobablywants )$( thesepeopletothinkofFORDatthatveryinstant,becausethesepeoplearereadytochangebrands. x+&* Ifsomebodyactuallywereconfusedorupsetbythisjoke,Iwouldexpectthattheywouldsendme P-(, anemailcomplainingaboutit.Ihaveneverreceivedanysuchcomplaints.    21. ` Inanyevent,giventheneedtotypeaspecificstringof25charactersinorderto  triggertheredirectionjoke,thehypotheticalclaimthatanyonehasrandomlystumbledacrossit(as ` opposedtolearningaboutitthrough2600orothermediaoutlets)issimplytoospeculativetobe 8  takenseriously.  `   22. ` Next,itisimportanttonotethatIamnotpresentlyandneverhaveinthepast(nor  8  doIeverplaninthefuture)toofferorsellany _fuckgeneralmotors_or fuckgeneralmotors.com   Єbrandedgoodsorservicestoanycustomerswhatsoever.Itiscommonlyunderstood(andtheU.S.   PatentandTrademarkofficepublishesanextensiveguideonexactlythissubject,see_Exh_.4),that p domainnamestonotautomaticallyconstitutebrandnamesortrademarks.Inthiscase,theDomain H Nameclearlyrepresentsan expressionofopinion aboutacompany!i.e.,speech!anddoesnot  p serveanytrademarkfunctionwhatsoever. P   23. ` Thisparticularinstanceofexpressionispartofalarger streettheaterprojectthat ( IamconductingandpublishingontheInternet.Iamnotjustcriticizinggiganticmultinational  conglomerateslikeGeneralMotorsand_Verizon_ԀCommunicationsv Q#  6      ׀(see<  4ungNO  5  www.verizonreallysucks.com6NOopu  7ngԀ>,or< `  www.verizonshouldspendmoretimefixingitsnetworkandlessmoneyonlawyers.com>,or 8"  <4t_NO  5  www.fordreallysucks.com6NOopu  7ng *Ԁ>),butalsomanyotherinstitutionsandattitudesthatdeservetobe $`" criticized(e.g.,<4yngW NO  5  www.fuckracism.com6NO-opu  7ng9[Ԁ>,<4zngNO  5  www.fuckthemassmedia.com6ՎNOopu  7ngԀ>).Onefrequentand %8!$ repeatedthemeinmyworkisahealthyskepticismofboththeobjectivesandtacticsofmany '#& multinationalcorporationswhentheydealwithordinarypeoplelikeme.Iamopposed!morally )$( |Oa  | |  andpolitically!tounnecessaryandexcessiveeffortsofsuchentitiestoengageinvariousformsof  socialcontrol.Thisisparticularlysowhenlargeinstitutionsattempttosuppressspeech,orattempt  toattemptsocialcontrolthroughenforcedignorance. `   24. ` Theoriginsofthisprojectdatebacktothe _Verizonreallysucks_episode.Muchlike 8  CarlRove,thehandlerofpoliticalcandidateGeorgeW.Bush,whotriedtopreventandsuppress  ` criticismbypreemptivelyand defensivelyregisteringover30criticalDomainNames(e.g.,  8   _bushblows.com_, _bushsucks.com_, _bushengler.com_, _bushpataki.com_),_Verizon_sWashington   LawFirm(perhapswiththe _Lucentsucks_caseinmind)attemptedtosquelchcriticismbypre   emptivelyregistering _verizonsucks.com_,alongwithabout700otherDomainNames,manyof p thempotentiallycritical.Ielectedtopublicizethetacticbyregistering _verizonreallysucks.com_. H Ultimately,_Verizon_Ԁrecognizedthatwehavearighttoexpressourselvesandbackeddown.{ Q#  7      ׀  p   25. ` Roughlycontemporaneouslywiththeregistrationof _Verizonreallysucks.com_,in H Septemberof1999,itbecamepossibletoregisterInternetdomainnamesthroughmorethanone   company.Upuntilthen,NetworkSolutionsInc.hadbeentheonlyregistrarofnames._NSI_Ԁhad  arbitrarilyimposedapolicyofnotacceptingdomainnameswithcertainfourletterwordsinthem  (butaccepting sucks).(Thishadnotbeenthepolicyinitiallyandtherewerestillanumberof X  _grandfathered_Ԁdomainsthatcontainedfourletterwords.However,ithadnotbeenpossibleto 0"  registernewonesthrough_NSI_..)Whennewcompaniesbegantoacceptnewdomainname $X" registrations,itsuddenlybecamepossibletoregistersiteswithfourletterwordsinthemonceagain. %0!$ Forabriefperiod,therewasarushonregisteringsuchdomains(presumably,someofthisrush '#& involved defensiveregistrationsbycompanieswhowereafraidofpublishedcriticism)!manyof )$( themdisappearingwithinhours.    26. ` Myinterestisnotaboutusingprofanity,butsimplymakingsurethatasetofthese  domainnamesremainavailableforuseascriticismsites.Incidentally,I'veworkedinradio ` since1977andI'mquitefamiliarwithFCCregulationswhichprohibitcertainkindsoflanguageat 8  certainhours.However,ImalsoawarethattheSupremeCourtinRenov.ACLUhasalready  ` determinedthatFCC.v._Pacifica_isnotapplicabletotheInternet.521U.S.at86467.Iamalso  8  personallyawareofprecedentslikethe Fuckthedraftcaseandothers,inwhichevenpithyslogans   orexpressiveconducthavebeenaffordedthefullprotectionoftheFirstAmendment.     27. ` Inmyview,therearethosewhowishtoimposemuchstrongerandmorerestrictive p rulesonwhatcanbesaidoverthenet,whetheronanewsgroup,awebpage,oreventheveryname H ofasite,thaneventherulesthatapplytobroadcasters.Inparticular,manycorporationsseemeager  p toprohibittruthfulcriticismofthequalityoftheirmerchandiseandservices.Thisisan H extraordinarilydangerousdevelopment.Ihavealwaysfoundsuchmotivestobeextremely   illconceived.ThisiswhyIwasoneofthepeoplewhoregisteredvariousDomainNameswithfour  letterwordsinthem.Manyofthemarehumorousinnature,somehavenospecificpurposeasof  yetanddon'tactuallydoanything.Theideawastoopenup(andpreserve)addressesfor_Websites_ X  thatwouldenablepeopletopublishsocialandpoliticalcriticismandcommentary,employee 0"  complaints,miscellaneousfeedbackandothercontentaboutthecompany/entityinquestion.Iknew $X" thiswoulddrawthreatsfromsomeoftheseentitiesbutIalsoknewthatfreespeech!eventhat %0!$ whichmaybeoffensive!specificallyprotectssuchexpressiveusesoftradenames.Afterall,were '#&  not selling _Fuckgeneralmotors_!brandgoodsandservices.Thisisjustawayofpokingfunatan )$( institution.Overthelongrun,astimepermits,thedomainnamewillbepointedtoamoreformal p+&* Websitethatwepublish,enablingdissatisfiedcustomerstogivecandidfeedbacktoGeneralMotors. H-(,   28. ` Asexpected,however,wehavereceivedtrademarkceaseanddesistlettersforsome  DomainNames,includingseveralofnaughtywordaddressesthatmakereferencetoNBC,CBS,and  GeneralMotors.InthecaseofGeneralMotors,wereceivedaletterfromtheminOctober,2000. ` WerespondedbydecliningtotransfertheDomainNametothem,butofferedtopointthenameto 8  anyGMcriticalWebsitethatGMmightchoose.Generalmotorsdidnotbringaction,butalsodid  ` notgiveusaproposalforabetterplacetopointtheaddress.ForCBSandNBCaswell,we  8  respondedtotheirclaimsoftrademarkinfringementwiththesimplefactthatitisprotectedspeech   tocriticizeacompany.Noneofthesecompanieschosetopursueaction.     29. ` WearestillintheprocessofdevelopingWebsiteforaformanyofthenameswehave p registered.Inthemeantime,wedecideditwouldbegoodtoputthemtoatleast some constructive H use.Someofthem,forthepresent,simplypointtoanothersite,inordertomakeastatement, (x whetherhumorousorserious.Forexample,_FuckRacism.com_ԀredirectstotheSouthernPovertyLaw P Center _KlanWatch_Website,whichseemsappropriate._FuckSexism.com_Ԁredirectstoasitefor ( women'srights.Othersinclude_FuckMicrosoft.org_Ԁwhichredirectstoanexistingsitethat  criticizesMicrosoft,itsproducts,anditstreatmentofemployees.It'saverytrivialthingtoredirect  anaddress,really,thisisdoneallthetime.Wecouldeasilyhavethousandsofaddressespointedat `  ourdomain(4gNO  5  www.2600.com6NOůns  7g ).It'sthenatureoftheWebtopointandlinkaddressesandsitesto 8"  othersites,whetherforthesakeofconvenienceortomakeastatementofsomesort. $`"   30. ` Specificallyconcerning,atonetime,wepointedthe %8!$ addresstoasitethatdealtwith"lemons"ordefectivecars.ButtheyAsitturnedout,thetraffic '#& causedtheirhostingcompanytoexpresssomeconcernsabout bandwidthdemands,sowe )$( respondedpromptlytohisrequestthatwerepointtheDomainName(FORDhasnevermadea p+&* similarrequestoreverraisedanybandwidthissues): H-(, Є>Frommahboud@wildpackets.comFriNov319:16:252000  Received:from_wildpackets.com_Ԁ(_wildpackets.com_Ԁ[192.216.124.1]) ` Ѐbyphalse.2600.com(8.8.8/8.8.8)with_ESMTP_ԀidTAA19295 8  Ѐfor;Fri,3Nov200019:16:240500(EST)  ` Received:from[10.0.1.8](airport0.wildpackets.com[192.216.124.155])  8  Ѐby_wildpackets.com_Ԁ(8.11.1/8.10.1)with_ESMTP_ԀideA40EoD29322   Ѐfor;Fri,3Nov200016:14:500800(PST)   UserAgent:MicrosoftOutlookExpressMacintoshEdition/5.02.2022 p Date:Fri,03Nov200016:16:180800 H Subject:F***_generalmotors.com_  p From:_mahboud_Ԁ_zabetian_Ԁ H To:   MessageID:  Mimeversion:1.0  Contenttype:text/plain;_charset_="USASCII" X  Contenttransferencoding:7bit 0"  Status:RO $X" ContentLength:454 %0!$ Lines:14 '#& HiEmmanuel, )$( Anyreasonyouhavewww.fuckgeneralmotors.compointingto_lists.lemon.org_?Iamgettingheat h+&* fromeveryonehere(_lemon.org_Ԁishostedgraciouslyby_WildPackets.com_)aboutyourdomainname. @-(, Especiallysinceitseemsthateveryminutesomeoneispingingthataddress.Pleaseletmeknow  whatyouaretryingtodo.Iwillbeforcedtotakedown_lemon.org_Ԁandmoveittoanotherlocation,  whichwillprobablycostmemoney. ` Thanks, 8  _mahboud_  ` ЄUponlearningofthisissue,we immediately disabledtheredirect.SofarasIunderstand,wewere   notnecessarily obligated toremovetheredirect!indeed,therearemethodstheothersitecould   haveimplementedtosolvetheproblem!butwedidsoasacourtesy.Wearecertainlyopentothe  prospectofFORDsendingusaletterrequestingtheremovalofaredirectasacourtesy.However, X asamatterofprinciple,werespectfullyhavetodisagreewithFORDspositionthatFORDhasa 0  legalright todiscriminateonthebasisofdifferentspeakersexpressivecontent,andselectively X forcedisfavoredspeakerstostoplinkingtoFORDsWebsite.TheideabehindtheredirecttoFORD 8 isthatsinceFordwasacompetitorofGeneralMotors,thiswasasomewhathumorouswayforour  sitetobedirected.Theideaatthetimewastosimplyredirecttootherautomobilemanufacturers,  perhapsadifferentoneforeachtimethesitewasaccessed.Thelongrangeplanwehaveforthis p  address,however,istodevelopamoreelaborateforumforpeoplecriticalofGeneralMotors. H"    31. ` ThefirstindicationwehadthatFordwasn'tpleasedwiththiscameintheformofthis  $p" lawsuit.Weneverreceivedanemailliketheaboveorevenaceaseanddesistletterfromthem.As %H!$ mentioned,sitesonthenetconstantlypointandlinktoothersites.Importantly,asMr.BernersLee ' #& haspointedouttimeandagain,permissiontolinkorrefertoaWebpagehas never beenrequired )$( andtodosowouldbogthenetdowninanightmareofpaperwork.Inevitably,siteswouldbeginto +&* chargeforthe righttolinktothem,whichwoulddestroytheopenexchangeofinformationthat `-(, istheverymagicoftheWorldWideWeb.However,asdemonstratedabove,wewouldhavegladly  redirectedthesiteelsewherehadwebeenmadeawareofaproblemandaskedtodoso asacourtesy   asopposedtoFordspositionthatitisamatteroflegalright.. h   32. ` Inaddition,asmentionedearlier,itisatrivialmatterfortheoperatorofasite(inthis @  casetheFordsite)toblockanytrafficfromareferringsite(inthiscaseourGeneralMotorscritique  h site).Forreasonsunknown,this,too,wasneverdone.  @    33. ` Ihaveneverhadanyintentiontoinfringeanytrademarkbyofferingorsellingany   goodsorservicestocustomersbymislabelingthemas brandedproductsmadebyanother   company.IamnottryingtopassHondaautomobilesoffasFordautomobiles,ortryingtosellFord x Pianos,Fordwristwatches,orFordgrapefruitjuice.NothingthatIhavedoneinfringesordilutes P anytrademarkbecauseIamnotusinganytrademark asatrademark .Itisquiteadifferentthing (x tomakereferencetoatrademarkinspeech. X   34. ` Ihavenever purposefullyavailedmyselfofthestateofMichiganorthebenefits 0 orprotectionsofitslawsatanytimewhatsoever.Ihaveneverpurposefullydirectedanyconduct  whatsoever(innocent,_tortious_,orotherwise)atMichigan.Ipersonallyhavenocontacts,tiesor  relations,withMichigan. h    35. ` Inthepast,IhavepassedthroughtheStateofMichiganfromtimetotimewithout @"  stopping.NoneofthesetripsthroughthestateofMichiganhaseverhadanythingtodowiththe $h" DomainNamefuckgeneralmotors.com,orhadanyrelationatalltoFordMotorCompany. %@!$  X XXX   36. ` 2600Magazine!whichisdistributednationwideandindeedworldwide!hassome '#& subscribersinMichigan,asitdoesineverystateandmanyforeigncountries.However,wehave )$( neversolicitedMichiganresidentstobecomesubscribers,ortargetedanymarketingeffortson x+&* Michiganinparticular.TheMichigansubscribersinitiatethesubscriptions,whichareNewYork P-(, transactionsfulfilledinNewYork.    37. ` 2600EnterprisesdoesnotdobusinessinMichiganinanymannerthatcanbe  describedas continuousandsystematic.MostofthesalesofourproductsinMichiganareby ` thirdparties,mostlylargebookstorechains. 8    38. ` Neither2600Enterprisesnotmepersonallyhaseverdoneanytortuousactwithinthe  ` StateofMichigan,orcausedanytortuousacttobedone,orconsequencestooccurwithintheState  8  ofMichigan.#X XX X # X XXX      39.0 ` Ihaveneverowned,usedorpossessedanyrealortangiblepersonalproperty ` (#` (# situatedwithintheStateofMichigan.Norhas2600. p   40.0 ` Ihavenevercontractedtoinsureanyperson,property,orrisklocatedwithintheH` (#` (# StateofMichiganatthetimeofcontractingoratanyothertime.Norhas2600.  p   41.0 ` IhaveneverpersonallysoldanyproductsorservicestoanyonewithintheStateofH` (#` (# Michigan.Asstatedearlier,2600doesmailmagazinestosomeMichigansubscribersatthe   subscribersrequest.TheseordersarefulfilledinNewYork.    42. ` Ihaveneveractedasadirector,manager,trustee,orotherofficerofanycorporation  incorporatedunderthelawsof,orhavingitsprincipalplaceofbusinesswithin,theStateof X  Michigan. 0"    43. ` IhavenevermaintainedadomicileintheStateofMichigan!whilesubjecttoa $X" maritalorfamilyrelationshipwhichisthebasisofanyclaimfordivorce,alimony,separate %0!$ maintenance,propertysettlement,childsupport,orchildcustodyorotherwise. '#&   44. ` IhaveneverbeenregisteredwiththeStategovernmentofMichigantotransact )$( businessinMichigan,toemployMichiganresidents,ortocollectorpayMichigantaxes.Norhas h+&* 2600.Ihaveneverhad(anddonotnowhave)anyoffices,realestate,bankaccounts,orpersonal @-(, propertyintheStateofMichigan.Norhas2600.Ihaveneverhadanysalesrepresentatives,sales  agents,employees,oragentsinMichigan.Norhas2600.    45. ` Idonothave,andhaveneverhad,anypostaladdress,offices,residences,telephone ` listing,ortelephonenumbersinMichigan.Norhas2600. 8    46. ` Ihaveneverengagedinanycontinuousand/orsystematicpatternofactivity,  ` commercialorotherwise,involvingordirectedtowardtheStateofMichiganatanytime.Norhas  8  2600.IhaveneverengagedinanyotherpersistentcourseofactivitydirectedatMichiganandIhave   neverpurposefullyavailedmyselfoftheStateofMichigan,orofthebenefitsandprotectionsofits   laws,atanytimewhatsoever.Norhas2600. p   IdeclareunderpenaltyofperjuryunderthelawsoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,including  p 28U.S.C.1746,thattheforegoingistrueandcorrect. H Date:__________________________0  ______________________________________ (#(#    `     h   EMMANUELGOLDSTEIN X X # 6#   # X X ##X XX X #