PETER L. KATZ - PK-5820਀㐀㔀 䬀渀漀氀氀眀漀漀搀 刀漀愀搀 Elmsford, New York 10523਀吀攀氀攀瀀栀漀渀攀㨀 ⠀㤀㄀㐀⤀ ㌀㐀㔀ⴀ   ㄀ Facsmile: (914) 345-8316਀ ALLONN E. LEVY (pro hac vice admission to be applied for)਀䠀唀䈀䔀刀 ☀ 匀䄀䴀唀䔀䰀匀伀一Ⰰ 倀⸀䌀⸀  210 N. Fourth Street, Suite 400 ਀匀愀渀 䨀漀猀攀Ⰰ 䌀䄀 㤀㔀㄀㄀㈀  Telephone: (408) 295-7034 ਀䘀愀挀猀椀洀椀氀攀㨀 ⠀㐀 㠀⤀ ㈀㤀㔀ⴀ㔀㜀㤀㤀  ਀刀伀䈀䤀一 䐀⸀ 䜀刀伀匀匀  ⠀瀀爀漀 栀愀挀 瘀椀挀攀 愀搀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 琀漀 戀攀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 昀漀爀⤀ ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION ਀㄀㔀㔀  䈀爀礀愀渀琀 匀琀爀攀攀琀Ⰰ 匀甀椀琀攀 㜀㈀㔀  San Francisco, CA 95103 ਀吀攀氀攀瀀栀漀渀攀㨀 ⠀㐀㄀㔀⤀ 㐀㌀㘀ⴀ㤀㌀㌀㌀  Facsimile: (415) 436-9993 ਀ ਀唀一䤀吀䔀䐀 匀吀䄀吀䔀匀 䐀䤀匀吀刀䤀䌀吀 䌀伀唀刀吀 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK਀ UNIVERSAL CITY STUDIOS, INC.;਀倀䄀刀䄀䴀伀唀一吀 倀䤀䌀吀唀刀䔀匀 䌀伀刀倀伀刀䄀吀䤀伀一㬀  METRO-GOLDWYN-MAYER, INC.; ਀吀刀䤀匀吀䄀刀 倀䤀䌀吀唀刀䔀匀Ⰰ 䤀一䌀⸀㬀 䌀伀䰀唀䴀䈀䤀䄀  PICTURES INDUSTRIES, INC.; TIME WARNER ਀䔀一吀䔀刀吀䄀䤀一䴀䔀一吀 䌀伀⸀Ⰰ 䰀⸀倀⸀㬀 䐀䤀匀一䔀夀 ENTERPRISES, INC.; AND TWENTIETH਀䌀䔀一吀唀刀夀 䘀伀堀 䘀䤀䰀䴀 䌀伀刀倀伀刀䄀吀䤀伀一Ⰰ  ਀倀氀愀椀渀琀椀昀昀猀Ⰰ Case No. 00 Civ. 277 (LAK) (RLE)਀ 瘀⸀ ਀匀䠀䄀圀一 䌀⸀ 刀䔀䤀䴀䔀刀䐀䔀匀Ⰰ 䔀刀䤀䌀 䌀伀刀䰀䔀夀  A/K/A "EMMANUEL GOLDSTEIN," ਀䄀一䐀 刀伀䴀䄀一 䬀䄀娀䄀一Ⰰ  ਀䐀攀昀攀渀搀愀渀琀猀⸀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ COME NOW defendants SHAWN C. REIMERDES, EMMANUEL GOLDSTEN AND ROMAN KAZAN (hereafter "defendants") and submit the following argument in opposition to plaintiff's request for preliminary injunction. These arguments are submitted concurrently with a request for adjournment, should the adjournment be granted, defendants will be able to submit a more comprehensive response.਀ ਀䤀一吀刀伀䐀唀䌀吀䤀伀一 ਀倀氀愀椀渀琀椀昀昀猀 猀攀攀欀 愀渀 攀洀攀爀最攀渀挀礀 愀瀀瀀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 渀攀眀 氀愀眀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 琀栀攀洀猀攀氀瘀攀猀 氀漀戀戀椀攀搀 栀愀爀搀 昀漀爀Ⰰ 椀渀 愀 挀愀猀攀 漀昀 昀椀爀猀琀 椀洀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀⸀  吀栀攀 氀愀眀 椀琀猀攀氀昀Ⰰ 愀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀猀 琀栀攀 眀愀礀 琀栀愀琀 瀀氀愀椀渀琀椀昀昀猀 愀爀攀 愀瀀瀀氀礀椀渀最 椀琀Ⰰ 爀愀椀猀攀猀 最爀愀瘀攀 搀愀渀最攀爀猀 琀漀 昀爀攀攀搀漀洀 漀昀 椀渀焀甀椀爀礀Ⰰ 昀爀攀攀搀漀洀 漀昀 猀瀀攀攀挀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 昀愀椀爀 甀猀攀 漀昀 椀渀琀攀氀氀攀挀琀甀愀氀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀礀⸀  唀氀琀椀洀愀琀攀氀礀 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀椀渀琀椀昀昀猀 愀猀欀 琀栀椀猀 挀漀甀爀琀 琀漀 concur with them that an intellectual property holder can place any kind of restrictions on use of their work, regardless of the balance struck in the copyright law, and rely on the courts to smash anyone਀眀栀漀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀猀 琀漀 戀礀瀀愀猀猀 琀栀攀猀攀 爀攀猀琀爀椀挀琀椀漀渀猀 椀渀 漀爀搀攀爀 琀漀 攀砀攀爀挀椀猀攀 琀栀攀椀爀 爀椀最栀琀猀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 䌀漀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 挀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 氀愀眀⸀ ਀吀栀攀 瀀漀猀琀椀渀最猀 挀椀琀攀搀 ⠀瀀氀愀椀渀琀椀昀昀猀 洀漀琀椀漀渀 愀琀 瀀⸀㜀⤀ 戀礀 瀀氀愀椀渀琀椀昀昀猀 猀栀漀眀 渀漀琀栀椀渀最 洀漀爀攀 琀栀愀渀 愀 搀椀猀搀愀椀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 䐀嘀䐀 䌀䌀䄀 愀渀搀 愀 氀攀最愀氀 愀猀猀攀爀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀椀最栀琀 琀漀 ∀猀瀀愀挀攀 猀栀椀昀琀∀ 愀渀搀 ∀琀椀洀攀 猀栀椀昀琀∀ 瀀甀爀挀栀愀猀攀搀 眀漀爀欀猀⸀ ਀匀吀䄀吀䔀䴀䔀一吀 伀䘀 䘀䄀䌀吀匀 ਀䌀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀洀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀攀爀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䰀椀渀甀砀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 漀渀 眀爀椀琀椀渀最 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀猀 愀渀搀 甀渀搀攀爀猀琀愀渀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 琀攀挀栀渀漀氀漀最礀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 琀漀 搀椀猀瀀氀愀礀 䐀嘀䐀 洀漀瘀椀攀猀⸀  吀栀攀椀爀 最漀愀氀猀 愀爀攀 琀漀 甀渀搀攀爀猀琀愀渀搀 琀栀攀 playing process from top to bottom, and to re-create software that implements this process. This software is being cooperatively developed under intellectual property licenses which make it available਀琀漀 愀渀礀漀渀攀 眀栀漀 眀愀渀琀猀 椀琀Ⰰ 戀漀琀栀 昀漀爀 甀猀攀 愀渀搀 昀漀爀 挀漀氀氀愀戀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀渀 椀琀猀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀⸀  吀栀攀猀攀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀洀攀爀猀 洀愀椀渀琀愀椀渀 愀渀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 洀愀椀氀椀渀最 氀椀猀琀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 䰀椀嘀椀䐀ⴀ搀攀瘀 ⠀䰀椀渀甀砀 嘀椀搀攀漀 䐀椀猀挀 䐀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀⤀⸀ ਀䐀攀䌀匀匀 椀猀 愀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀 眀栀椀挀栀 爀甀渀猀 椀渀 䴀椀挀爀漀猀漀昀琀 圀椀渀搀漀眀猀 愀渀搀 搀攀挀爀礀瀀琀猀 攀渀挀爀礀瀀琀攀搀 䐀嘀䐀猀⸀  嘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 瘀攀爀猀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 椀琀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 洀愀搀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 瘀椀愀 琀栀攀 䰀椀嘀椀䐀ⴀ搀攀瘀 洀愀椀氀椀渀最 氀椀猀琀⸀  䤀琀 眀愀猀 愀 琀攀愀挀栀椀渀最 愀椀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 攀渀最椀渀攀攀爀猀 involved in understanding the technology. Other engineers then wrote the corresponding Linux program, readdvd. Readdvd can be combined with previously written programs such as mpegplay to actually view a਀䐀嘀䐀 漀渀 䰀椀渀甀砀⸀  吀栀攀 甀氀琀椀洀愀琀攀 最漀愀氀 椀猀 琀漀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀 愀渀搀 搀椀猀琀爀椀戀甀琀攀 愀渀 椀渀琀攀最爀愀琀攀搀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀 攀愀猀礀 攀渀漀甀最栀 琀栀愀琀 漀爀搀椀渀愀爀礀 甀猀攀爀猀 挀愀渀 猀椀洀瀀氀礀 瀀漀瀀 椀渀 愀 搀椀猀挀 愀渀搀 眀愀琀挀栀 椀琀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 挀漀渀瘀攀渀椀攀渀琀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀猀⸀ ਀䤀渀 漀爀搀攀爀 琀漀 瀀氀愀礀 愀 䐀嘀䐀 搀椀猀挀Ⰰ 椀琀猀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 洀甀猀琀 戀攀 搀攀挀爀礀瀀琀攀搀⸀  䤀渀 琀栀攀 琀爀愀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 搀攀猀椀最渀 漀昀 愀 䐀嘀䐀 瀀氀愀礀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀椀猀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀猀 愀 ∀瀀氀愀礀攀爀 欀攀礀∀ 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀攀 椀猀猀甀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䐀嘀䐀 䌀漀瀀礀 䌀漀渀琀爀漀氀 䄀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀 氀椀挀攀渀猀椀渀最 愀最攀渀挀礀⸀ However, cryptanalyst Frank Andrew Stevenson on the LiViD mailing list invented a new way to decrypt a disc without a "player key". (A cryptanalyst is a scientist who studies encryption systems to learn਀栀漀眀 琀漀 爀攀挀漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 攀渀挀爀礀瀀琀攀搀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀⸀⤀ ਀吀栀攀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 甀猀攀爀猀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䰀椀渀甀砀 嘀椀搀攀漀 䐀椀猀挀 瀀爀漀樀攀挀琀 栀愀瘀攀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 戀攀攀渀 挀漀渀挀攀爀渀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀椀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 栀攀愀瘀礀ⴀ栀愀渀搀攀搀 爀攀琀愀氀椀愀琀椀漀渀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 洀漀瘀椀攀 挀漀洀瀀愀渀椀攀猀⸀  吀栀攀椀爀 挀漀渀挀攀爀渀猀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 爀攀愀氀 眀栀攀渀 洀漀瘀椀攀 company lawyers started sending threatening letters. These letters never went to the programmers or to the publishers of information -- the plaintiffs targeted these peoples' Internet service providers, and਀猀甀挀挀攀攀搀攀搀 椀渀 猀挀愀爀椀渀最 洀愀渀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀洀 椀渀琀漀 猀甀洀洀愀爀椀氀礀 琀攀爀洀椀渀愀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 眀攀戀 猀椀琀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀爀猀⸀  䤀渀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀攀 琀漀 琀栀椀猀 甀渀搀攀爀栀愀渀搀攀搀 挀攀渀猀漀爀猀栀椀瀀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 戀攀最愀渀 爀攀瀀氀椀挀愀琀椀渀最 挀漀瀀椀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 alerting other citizens that a movie company campaign to censor this material was afoot. The instant case is part of that campaign.਀ ARGUMENT਀ DISCUSSION਀ The developers and users involved in the Linux Video Disc project have been concerned from the start with the possibility of heavy-handed retaliation from the movie companies. Their concerns became real when਀洀漀瘀椀攀 挀漀洀瀀愀渀礀 氀愀眀礀攀爀猀 猀琀愀爀琀攀搀 猀攀渀搀椀渀最 琀栀爀攀愀琀攀渀椀渀最 氀攀琀琀攀爀猀 猀漀漀渀 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 爀攀氀攀愀猀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䐀攀䌀匀匀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀⸀  吀栀攀猀攀 氀攀琀琀攀爀猀 渀攀瘀攀爀 眀攀渀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀洀攀爀猀 漀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀爀猀 漀昀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 眀攀爀攀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 to challenge the movie companies' assertions. Instead, the plaintiffs targeted these peoples' Internet service providers, threatening them with instant liability unless they removed the "offending" material,਀愀渀搀 猀甀挀挀攀攀搀攀搀 椀渀 猀挀愀爀椀渀最 洀愀渀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀洀 椀渀琀漀 猀甀洀洀愀爀椀氀礀 琀攀爀洀椀渀愀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 眀攀戀 猀椀琀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀爀猀⸀  䤀渀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀攀 琀漀 琀栀椀猀 甀渀搀攀爀栀愀渀搀攀搀 挀攀渀猀漀爀猀栀椀瀀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 戀攀最愀渀 爀攀瀀氀椀挀愀琀椀渀最 挀漀瀀椀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀氀攀爀琀椀渀最 漀琀栀攀爀 挀椀琀椀稀攀渀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀 洀漀瘀椀攀 挀漀洀瀀愀渀礀 挀愀洀瀀愀椀最渀 琀漀 挀攀渀猀漀爀 琀栀椀猀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀 眀愀猀 愀昀漀漀琀⸀  䤀渀 洀椀搀 䐀攀挀攀洀戀攀爀 愀 挀愀猀攀 眀愀猀 昀椀氀攀搀 椀渀 an obscure local California court, naming seventy worldwide defendants, leaving 500 John Does "to be named later", and asking for a temporary restraining order with two days' notice. All defendants਀渀愀洀攀搀 眀攀爀攀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀猀 ⠀渀漀琀 挀漀爀瀀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 琀漀 愀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀 搀攀昀攀渀搀 琀栀攀洀猀攀氀瘀攀猀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀愀渀礀 挀攀渀猀漀爀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀眀渀 眀攀戀 猀椀琀攀猀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 猀甀昀昀攀爀 琀栀攀 爀椀猀欀Ⰰ 琀椀洀攀 愀渀搀 攀砀瀀攀渀猀攀 漀昀 戀攀椀渀最 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 愀 挀漀甀爀琀 挀愀猀攀⸀  吀栀椀猀 洀漀爀攀 desparate attempt at censorship also failed, as the Internet civil rights community rallied to provide a quick defense and the TRO was denied. The instant case is the next phase of the censorship campaign.਀ ਀䨀唀刀䤀匀䐀䤀䌀吀䤀伀一 ☀ 匀䔀刀嘀䤀䌀䔀 ਀ IMPROPER DEFENDANTS਀ ਀ ਀䤀猀猀甀攀 ⴀ 吀栀攀 吀栀爀攀攀 一愀洀攀搀 䐀攀昀攀渀搀愀渀琀猀 䄀爀攀 䤀洀瀀爀漀瀀攀爀 倀愀爀琀椀攀猀 琀漀 琀栀椀猀 䄀挀琀椀漀渀 ਀刀甀氀攀 ㄀㜀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䘀攀搀攀爀愀氀 刀甀氀攀猀 漀昀 䌀椀瘀椀氀 倀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀 猀琀愀琀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 ∀攀瘀攀爀礀 愀挀琀椀漀渀 猀栀愀氀氀 戀攀 瀀爀漀猀攀挀甀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 渀愀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀氀 瀀愀爀琀礀 椀渀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀∀⸀  䤀琀 椀猀 猀甀戀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 愀氀氀 琀栀爀攀攀 搀攀昀攀渀搀愀渀琀猀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 椀洀瀀爀漀瀀攀爀氀礀 渀愀洀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 愀挀琀椀漀渀 愀猀 琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 渀漀琀 琀栀攀 ∀爀攀愀氀 瀀愀爀琀礀 椀渀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀∀ 愀猀 椀猀 搀攀昀椀渀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䘀攀搀攀爀愀氀 刀甀氀攀猀 漀昀 䌀椀瘀椀氀 倀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 挀愀猀攀 氀愀眀⸀   ਀圀椀琀栀椀渀 栀椀猀 䐀攀挀氀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 匀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀漀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀琀琀漀爀渀攀礀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀椀渀琀椀昀昀Ⰰ 䈀爀甀挀攀 䔀⸀ 䈀漀礀搀攀渀Ⰰ 䔀猀焀⸀ 猀琀愀琀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 漀渀 䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀 㜀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 ㄀㈀Ⰰ ㈀   Ⰰ 攀椀琀栀攀爀 栀攀 漀爀 愀 氀攀最愀氀 愀猀猀椀猀琀愀渀琀 瘀椀猀椀琀攀搀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 眀攀戀 猀椀琀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀 挀漀瀀椀攀猀 漀昀 愀渀 ∀甀渀愀甀琀栀漀爀椀稀攀搀 挀椀爀挀甀洀瘀攀渀琀椀漀渀 甀琀椀氀椀琀礀 挀漀洀洀漀渀氀礀 爀攀昀攀爀爀攀搀 琀漀 愀猀 ✀䐀攀䌀匀匀Ⰰ✀∀⸀ 䴀爀⸀ 䈀漀礀搀攀渀 琀栀攀渀 猀琀愀琀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀昀琀攀爀 栀椀猀 爀攀瘀椀攀眀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 眀攀戀 猀椀琀攀猀 栀攀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀渀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀 挀漀渀猀甀氀琀 眀椀琀栀 愀 搀漀洀愀椀渀 渀愀洀攀 爀攀最椀猀琀爀礀 琀漀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀 眀栀漀 琀栀攀 爀攀最椀猀琀爀愀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀椀琀攀 愀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀 眀愀猀⸀  䤀琀 椀猀 琀栀椀猀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀椀渀琀椀昀昀猀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀 眀栀漀 琀栀攀 搀攀昀攀渀搀愀渀琀猀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 挀愀猀攀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 戀攀⸀  䤀琀 椀猀 猀甀戀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀椀渀琀椀昀昀猀 栀愀瘀攀 椀洀瀀爀漀瀀攀爀氀礀 渀愀洀攀搀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀 瀀愀爀琀椀攀猀 椀渀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 琀漀 琀栀椀猀 洀愀琀琀攀爀 愀渀搀Ⰰ 愀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最氀礀Ⰰ 琀栀椀猀 洀愀琀琀攀爀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 搀椀猀洀椀猀猀攀搀 愀猀 琀漀 愀氀氀 琀栀爀攀攀 搀攀昀攀渀搀愀渀琀猀 瀀甀爀猀甀愀渀琀 琀漀 䘀攀搀攀爀愀氀 刀甀氀攀猀 漀昀 䌀椀瘀椀氀 倀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀Ⰰ 刀甀氀攀 ㄀㜀⸀ ਀䐀攀昀攀渀搀愀渀琀 匀栀愀眀渀 䌀⸀ 刀攀椀洀攀爀搀攀猀 椀猀 渀漀琀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀氀 瀀愀爀琀礀 椀渀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 琀漀 琀栀椀猀 愀挀琀椀漀渀 ਀圀椀琀栀椀渀 栀椀猀 䐀攀挀氀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀 䴀爀⸀ 䈀漀礀搀攀渀 猀琀愀琀攀猀 漀渀 䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀 㤀Ⰰ ㈀   Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 栀攀 瘀椀猀椀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 眀攀戀 猀椀琀攀 搀攀猀椀最渀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 栀漀猀琀 唀刀䰀 眀眀眀⸀搀瘀搀ⴀ挀漀瀀礀⸀挀漀洀⸀ 愀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 ∀椀渀搀攀砀 瀀愀最攀∀ 漀昀 琀栀愀琀 猀椀琀攀 氀椀猀琀攀搀  䴀爀⸀ 刀攀椀洀攀爀搀攀猀 愀猀 琀栀攀 猀椀琀攀✀猀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 愀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 栀攀 琀栀攀渀 ∀搀漀眀渀氀漀愀搀攀搀 琀栀椀猀 瀀愀最攀∀ ☀†愀渀搀 ∀瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 愀 瀀愀瀀攀爀 挀漀瀀礀∀ 眀栀椀挀栀 栀攀 愀渀渀攀砀攀搀 琀漀 栀椀猀 䐀攀挀氀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀 愀猀 䔀砀栀椀戀椀琀 ∀㄀∀⸀   䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 愀 爀攀瘀椀攀眀 漀昀 䔀砀栀椀戀椀琀 ∀㄀∀ 挀氀攀愀爀氀礀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 猀椀琀攀 椀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 渀愀洀攀 漀昀 䰀攀攀挀栀 匀漀昀琀眀愀爀攀Ⰰ 䤀渀挀⸀ 䤀琀 椀猀 猀甀戀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 瀀甀爀猀甀愀渀琀 琀漀 䘀攀搀攀爀愀氀 刀甀氀攀猀 漀昀 䌀椀瘀椀氀 倀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀Ⰰ 刀甀氀攀 ㄀㜀Ⰰ 䐀攀昀攀渀搀愀渀琀 刀攀椀洀攀爀搀攀猀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀搀 愀猀 愀 瀀愀爀琀礀 搀攀昀攀渀搀愀渀琀 愀猀 栀攀 椀猀 渀漀琀 琀栀攀 漀眀渀攀爀 漀昀 眀眀眀⸀搀瘀搀ⴀ挀漀瀀礀⸀挀漀洀⸀ ਀䐀攀昀攀渀搀愀渀琀 刀漀洀愀渀 䬀愀稀愀渀 椀猀 渀漀琀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀氀 瀀愀爀琀礀 椀渀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 琀栀椀猀 愀挀琀椀漀渀 ਀䴀爀⸀ 䈀漀礀搀攀渀 猀琀愀琀攀猀 漀渀 䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀 㠀Ⰰ ㈀   Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 栀攀 瘀椀猀椀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 眀攀戀 猀椀琀攀 搀攀猀椀最渀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 栀漀猀琀 唀刀䰀 眀眀眀⸀欀爀愀挀欀搀漀眀渀⸀挀漀洀⸀ 䴀爀⸀ 䈀漀礀搀攀渀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 猀琀愀琀攀 眀栀漀 琀栀攀 漀眀渀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀椀琀攀 椀猀 愀猀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 眀攀戀猀椀琀攀✀猀 洀愀椀渀 瀀愀最攀⸀  䠀攀 搀漀攀猀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 猀琀愀琀攀 琀栀愀琀 栀攀 挀栀攀挀欀攀搀 琀栀攀 䐀一匀 爀攀最椀猀琀爀礀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 猀攀爀瘀攀爀 氀漀挀愀琀攀搀 愀琀 眀眀眀⸀渀攀琀眀漀爀欀猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀猀⸀挀漀洀⸀ 愀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 爀攀琀爀椀攀瘀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䐀一匀 爀攀最椀猀琀爀礀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 搀攀昀攀渀搀愀渀琀 刀漀洀愀渀 䬀愀稀愀渀 椀猀 氀椀猀琀攀搀 愀猀 琀栀攀 ∀琀攀挀栀渀椀挀愀氀 挀漀渀琀愀挀琀∀ 昀漀爀 欀爀愀挀欀搀漀眀渀⸀挀漀洀⸀  䴀爀⸀ 䈀漀礀搀攀渀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀 椀渀 栀椀猀 䐀攀挀氀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀 眀栀漀 椀猀 琀栀攀 爀攀最椀猀琀爀愀渀琀 漀昀 眀眀眀⸀欀爀愀挀欀搀漀眀渀⸀挀漀洀 渀漀爀 栀愀猀 栀攀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 䐀一匀 爀攀最椀猀琀爀礀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 眀眀眀⸀欀爀愀挀欀搀漀眀渀⸀挀漀洀 愀猀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 栀椀猀 攀砀栀椀戀椀琀猀⸀  刀愀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 栀攀 猀琀愀琀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 䐀一匀 爀攀最椀猀琀爀礀 昀漀爀 眀眀眀⸀欀爀愀挀欀搀漀眀渀⸀挀漀洀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 刀漀洀愀渀 䬀愀稀愀渀 椀猀 琀栀攀 ∀琀攀挀栀渀椀挀愀氀 挀漀渀琀愀挀琀∀ 昀漀爀 眀眀眀⸀欀爀愀挀欀搀漀眀渀⸀挀漀洀 愀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 ∀猀攀爀瘀攀爀 挀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀猀∀ 昀漀爀 眀眀眀⸀欀爀愀挀欀搀漀眀渀⸀挀漀洀 愀爀攀 氀椀猀琀攀搀 愀猀 ∀攀猀挀愀瀀攀⸀挀漀洀∀⸀  䴀爀⸀ 䈀漀礀搀攀渀 琀栀攀渀 猀琀愀琀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 爀攀琀爀椀攀瘀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䐀一匀 爀攀最椀猀琀爀礀 昀漀爀 攀猀挀愀瀀攀⸀挀漀洀 氀椀猀琀猀 琀栀攀 ∀䬀愀稀愀渀 䌀漀爀瀀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀搀洀椀渀椀猀琀爀愀琀椀瘀攀 挀漀渀琀愀挀琀 刀漀洀愀渀 䬀愀稀愀渀∀ 愀猀 琀栀攀 漀眀渀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀椀琀攀⸀  䤀琀 椀猀 猀甀戀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 瀀甀爀猀甀愀渀琀 琀漀 䘀攀搀攀爀愀氀 刀甀氀攀猀 漀昀 䌀椀瘀椀氀 倀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀Ⰰ 刀甀氀攀 ㄀㜀Ⰰ 䐀攀昀攀渀搀愀渀琀 䬀愀稀愀渀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀搀 愀猀 愀 瀀愀爀琀礀 搀攀昀攀渀搀愀渀琀 愀猀 栀攀 椀猀 渀漀琀 琀栀攀 漀眀渀攀爀 漀昀 眀眀眀⸀欀爀愀挀欀搀漀眀渀⸀挀漀洀⸀ ਀䔀爀椀挀 䌀漀爀氀攀礀Ⰰ 愀⼀欀⼀愀 䔀洀洀愀渀甀攀氀 䜀漀氀搀猀琀攀椀渀 Ⰰ椀猀 渀漀琀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀氀 瀀愀爀琀礀 椀渀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 琀栀椀猀 愀挀琀椀漀渀 ਀䴀爀⸀ 䈀漀礀搀攀渀 猀琀愀琀攀猀 漀渀 䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀 ㄀ Ⰰ ㈀   Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 栀攀 瘀椀猀椀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 眀攀戀 猀椀琀攀 搀攀猀椀最渀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 栀漀猀琀 唀刀䰀 眀眀眀⸀㈀㘀  ⸀挀漀洀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀 瘀椀猀椀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 䐀一匀 爀攀最椀猀琀爀礀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 猀攀爀瘀攀爀 氀漀挀愀琀攀搀 愀琀 眀眀眀⸀渀攀琀眀漀爀欀猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀猀⸀挀漀洀 琀漀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀 琀栀愀琀 䔀爀椀挀 䌀漀爀氀攀礀Ⰰ 愀⼀欀⼀愀 䔀洀洀愀渀甀攀氀 䜀漀氀搀猀琀攀椀渀Ⰰ ∀椀猀 琀栀攀 漀眀渀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀椀琀攀∀⸀  䴀爀⸀ 䈀漀礀搀攀渀 琀栀攀渀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀搀 愀 挀漀瀀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀昀漀爀攀猀愀椀搀  䐀一匀 爀攀最椀猀琀爀礀 爀攀瀀漀爀琀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 栀椀猀 䐀攀挀氀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀 愀猀 䔀砀栀椀戀椀琀 ∀㠀∀⸀  䄀 爀攀瘀椀攀眀 漀昀 眀眀眀⸀㈀㘀  ⸀挀漀洀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀猀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 䴀爀⸀ 䌀漀爀氀攀礀 椀猀 渀漀琀 琀栀攀 漀眀渀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀椀琀攀 戀甀琀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 猀椀琀攀 椀猀 漀眀渀攀搀 戀礀 ㈀㘀   䴀愀最愀稀椀渀攀 愀⼀欀⼀愀 ㈀㘀   䔀渀琀攀爀瀀爀椀猀攀猀Ⰰ 䤀渀挀⸀ 䄀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䐀一匀 爀攀最椀猀琀爀礀 氀椀猀琀猀 琀栀攀 爀攀最椀猀琀爀愀渀琀 愀猀 ∀㈀㘀   䴀愀最愀稀椀渀攀∀Ⰰ 渀漀琀 䔀洀洀愀渀甀攀氀 䜀漀氀搀猀琀攀椀渀 愀猀 䴀爀⸀ 䈀漀礀搀攀渀 栀愀猀 爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀椀猀 挀漀甀爀琀⸀ 䤀琀 椀猀 猀甀戀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 瀀甀爀猀甀愀渀琀 琀漀 䘀攀搀攀爀愀氀 刀甀氀攀猀 漀昀 䌀椀瘀椀氀 倀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀Ⰰ 刀甀氀攀 ㄀㜀Ⰰ 䐀攀昀攀渀搀愀渀琀 䌀漀爀氀攀礀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 爀攀洀漀瘀攀搀 愀猀 愀 瀀愀爀琀礀 搀攀昀攀渀搀愀渀琀 愀猀 栀攀 椀猀 渀漀琀 琀栀攀 漀眀渀攀爀 漀昀 眀眀眀⸀㈀㘀  ⸀挀漀洀 ਀ Roman Kazan - ISP immune under the DMCA from third-party liability਀ Title II of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, the "Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act" provides an automatic immunity for copyright infringement by online service providers when engaging in certain activities. ਀ The limitations, which entail a complete immunity from monetary damages and restrict injunctive relief are based on four categories of conduct by a service provider: ਀㄀⤀琀爀愀渀猀椀琀漀爀礀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀㬀  2)system caching; ਀㌀⤀猀琀漀爀愀最攀 漀昀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 漀渀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀 漀爀 渀攀琀眀漀爀欀猀 愀琀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 甀猀攀爀猀㬀 愀渀搀  4)information location tools. ਀ ਀匀攀挀琀椀漀渀 㔀㄀㈀⠀挀⤀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 氀椀洀椀琀愀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 爀攀猀椀搀椀渀最 漀渀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀 漀爀 渀攀琀眀漀爀欀猀 愀琀 琀栀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 甀猀攀爀猀Ⰰ 氀椀洀椀琀猀 琀栀攀 氀椀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 猀攀爀瘀椀挀攀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀爀猀 昀漀爀 椀渀昀爀椀渀最椀渀最 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀 漀渀 圀攀戀 猀椀琀攀猀 ⠀漀爀 漀琀栀攀爀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 爀攀瀀漀猀椀琀漀爀椀攀猀⤀ 栀漀猀琀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀⸀  䤀琀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀猀 琀漀 猀琀漀爀愀最攀 愀琀 琀栀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 甀猀攀爀⸀ ਀ In order to be eligible for either of these two limitations on liability, an online service provider must have filed with the Copyright Office a designation of an agent to receive notifications of claimed infringement in addition to meeting the following conditions:਀ 1.The provider must not have requisite level of knowledge of infringing activity as described below.਀㈀⸀䤀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀爀 栀愀猀 琀栀攀 爀椀最栀琀 愀渀搀 愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 琀漀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀 琀栀攀 椀渀昀爀椀渀最椀渀最 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀Ⰰ 椀琀 洀甀猀琀 渀漀琀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀 愀 昀椀渀愀渀挀椀愀氀 戀攀渀攀昀椀琀 搀椀爀攀挀琀氀礀 愀琀琀爀椀戀甀琀愀戀氀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀⸀ 3.Upon receiving notification of claimed infringement the provider must expeditiously take down or block access to the allegedly infringing material.਀ Under the knowledge standard, a service provider is eligible for the limitation on liability only if it does not have actual knowledge of the infringement, is not aware of facts or circumstances from which infringing activity is apparent, or upon gaining such knowledge or awareness, responds expeditiously to take down the material that is claimed to be infringing (or block access to it).਀ The Act also establishes procedures for notification of claimed infringement and rules as to its effect, known as the "notice and takedown procedures" (cite)਀ Roman Kazan is the Internet service provider for the website X, which is owned and operated by a third party. Roman had no knowledge of the existence the DeCSS computer program on the website. In fact, he did not know such a program existed, or what its purpose was. He was completely unaware of it on his system and he did not receive any financial benefit as a result of being posted there.਀ Roman was never contacted in accordance with the "notice and take-down" procedures of the DMCA. Because Roman was immune under the statute from any copyright liability of third parties, he is not a proper party to this suit and should be dismissed.਀ ਀匀唀䌀䌀䔀匀匀 伀一 吀䠀䔀 䴀䔀刀䤀吀匀 ਀        䐀䴀䌀䄀 䔀堀䌀䔀倀吀䤀伀一匀 ਀䐀攀昀攀渀搀愀渀琀✀猀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 挀愀猀攀 椀猀 氀攀最愀氀 愀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀椀渀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䐀䴀䌀䄀 椀琀猀攀氀昀⸀  吀栀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 戀愀渀 漀渀 挀椀爀挀甀洀瘀攀渀琀椀漀渀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀猀 愀 猀攀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 攀砀攀洀瀀琀椀漀渀猀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 䄀挀琀 琀栀愀琀 愀爀攀 渀漀琀 琀漀 戀攀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 瘀椀漀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀挀琀⸀ ਀䐀攀昀攀渀搀愀渀琀✀猀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 挀愀猀攀 椀猀 氀攀最愀氀 愀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀椀渀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䐀䴀䌀䄀 椀琀猀攀氀昀⸀  吀栀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 戀愀渀 漀渀 挀椀爀挀甀洀瘀攀渀琀椀漀渀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀猀 愀 猀攀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 攀砀攀洀瀀琀椀漀渀猀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 䄀挀琀 琀栀愀琀 愀爀攀 渀漀琀 琀漀 戀攀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 瘀椀漀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀挀琀⸀ ਀愀⸀ 刀䔀嘀䔀刀匀䔀 䔀一䜀䤀一䔀䔀刀䤀一䜀㨀 Section 1201(f) on reverse engineering says you can both reverse engineer and teach others how to circumvent if the purpose is for achieving interoperability. Intent counts under the statute.਀ "a person who has lawfully obtained the right to use a copy of a computer program may circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a particular portion of that program for the sole purpose that are necessary to achieve interoperability of an independently created computer program with other programs, and that have not previously been readily available to the person engaging in the circumvention, to the extent any such acts of identification and analysis do not constitute infringement under this article.਀ "(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (a)(2) and (b), a਀瀀攀爀猀漀渀 洀愀礀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀 愀渀搀 攀洀瀀氀漀礀 琀攀挀栀渀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 洀攀愀渀猀 琀漀 挀椀爀挀甀洀瘀攀渀琀 愀 technological measure, or to circumvent protection afforded by a਀琀攀挀栀渀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀Ⰰ 椀渀 漀爀搀攀爀 琀漀 攀渀愀戀氀攀 琀栀攀 椀搀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 analysis under paragraph (1), or for the purpose of enabling਀椀渀琀攀爀瀀爀攀琀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 愀渀 椀渀搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀琀氀礀 挀爀攀愀琀攀搀 挀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀 眀椀琀栀 漀琀栀攀爀 programs, if such means are necessary to achieve such interpretability਀琀漀 琀栀攀 攀砀琀攀渀琀 琀栀愀琀 搀漀椀渀最 猀漀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 挀漀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀攀 椀渀昀爀椀渀最攀洀攀渀琀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀椀猀 title.਀ "(3) The information acquired through the acts permitted under paragraph਀⠀㄀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 洀攀愀渀猀 瀀攀爀洀椀琀琀攀搀 甀渀搀攀爀 瀀愀爀愀最爀愀瀀栀 ⠀㈀⤀Ⰰ 洀愀礀 戀攀 洀愀搀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 to others if the person referred to in paragraph (1) or (2), as the case਀洀愀礀 戀攀Ⰰ 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀猀 猀甀挀栀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 漀爀 洀攀愀渀猀 猀漀氀攀氀礀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀 漀昀 enabling interpretability of an independently created computer program਀眀椀琀栀 漀琀栀攀爀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀猀Ⰰ and to the extent that doing so does not constitute infringement under਀琀栀椀猀 琀椀琀氀攀 漀爀 瘀椀漀氀愀琀攀 愀瀀瀀氀椀挀愀戀氀攀 氀愀眀 漀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀椀猀 猀攀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ "(4) For purposes of this subsection, the term 'interpretability' means਀琀栀攀 愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 挀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀猀 琀漀 攀砀挀栀愀渀最攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 漀昀 猀甀挀栀 programs mutually to use the information which has been exchanged.਀ This part of the statute explicitly permits people to distribute the DeCSS computer program because it is necessary to achieve interoperability between DVDs and their Linux computer's operating systems. Before DeCSS, there was no readily available means for a Linux computer programmer to watch their DVDs on their computers. ਀ The Defendants in this case distribute the source code in question with the intent that it provide Linux users with a means to watch their legally acquired DVDs. The Defendants do not intend for this program to be used to promote piracy in any way.਀ ਀戀⸀ 䔀一䌀刀夀倀吀䤀伀一 刀䔀匀䔀䄀刀䌀䠀㨀 Section 1201(g) allows you to circumvent (& teach others) for the purpose of encryption research.਀ "(g) Encryption Research਀∀⠀㄀⤀ 䐀攀昀椀渀椀琀椀漀渀猀 ⴀ 䘀漀爀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 猀甀戀猀攀挀琀椀漀渀 ⴀ  "(A) The term 'encryption research' means activities necessary to਀椀搀攀渀琀椀昀礀 愀渀搀 愀渀愀氀礀稀攀 昀氀愀眀猀 and vulnerabilities of encryption technologies applied to copyrighted਀眀漀爀欀猀Ⰰ 椀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀椀攀猀 愀爀攀 挀漀渀搀甀挀琀攀搀 琀漀 愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀琀攀 漀昀 knowledge in the field of encryption technology or to assist in the਀搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 攀渀挀爀礀瀀琀椀漀渀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀猀㬀 愀渀搀 "(B) the term "encryption technology" means the scrambling and਀搀攀猀挀爀愀洀戀氀椀渀最 漀昀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 using mathematical formulas or algorithms.਀∀⠀㈀⤀ 倀䔀刀䴀䤀匀匀䤀䈀䰀䔀 䄀䌀吀匀 伀䘀 䔀一䌀刀夀倀吀䤀伀一 刀䔀匀䔀䄀刀䌀䠀 ⴀ 一漀琀 眀椀琀栀猀琀愀渀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 provisions of subsection (a)(1)(A), it is not a violation of that਀猀甀戀猀攀挀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 愀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀 琀漀 挀椀爀挀甀洀瘀攀渀琀 愀 琀攀挀栀渀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀 愀猀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 to a copy, phonorecord, performance, or display of a published work in਀琀栀攀 挀漀甀爀猀攀 漀昀 愀渀 愀挀琀 漀昀 最漀漀搀 昀愀椀琀栀 攀渀挀爀礀瀀琀椀漀渀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 椀昀ⴀ "(A) the person lawfully obtained the encrypted copy,਀∀⠀䈀⤀ 猀甀挀栀 愀挀琀 椀猀 渀攀挀攀猀猀愀爀礀 琀漀 挀漀渀搀甀挀琀 猀甀挀栀 攀渀挀爀礀瀀琀椀漀渀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀⸀ "(C) the person made a good faith effort to obtain authorization before਀琀栀攀 挀椀爀挀甀洀瘀攀渀琀椀漀渀㬀 愀渀搀 "(D) such act does not constitute infringement under this title or a਀瘀椀漀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀瀀瀀氀椀挀愀戀氀攀 氀愀眀 漀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀椀猀 猀攀挀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 猀攀挀琀椀漀渀 1030 of title 18 and those provisions of title 18 amended by the਀䌀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀 䘀爀愀甀搀 愀渀搀 䄀戀甀猀攀 䄀挀琀 漀昀 ㄀㤀㠀㘀⸀ ਀ Goldstein's Website 2600 provides a forum to identify and analyze flaws and vulnerabilities of encryption technologies applied to copyrighted works. These activities are conducted to advance the state of਀欀渀漀眀氀攀搀最攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀椀攀氀搀 漀昀 攀渀挀爀礀瀀琀椀漀渀 琀攀挀栀渀漀氀漀最礀 愀渀搀 猀攀爀瘀攀猀 琀漀 愀猀猀椀猀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 攀渀挀爀礀瀀琀椀漀渀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀猀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀⸀ ਀ c. SECURITY TESTING:਀匀攀挀琀椀漀渀 ㄀㈀ ㄀ ⠀樀⤀ 愀氀氀漀眀猀 礀漀甀 琀漀 挀椀爀挀甀洀瘀攀渀琀 ⠀☀ 琀攀愀挀栀 漀琀栀攀爀猀⤀ 昀漀爀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀猀 漀昀 猀攀挀甀爀椀琀礀 琀攀猀琀椀渀最⸀ ਀∀⠀䨀⤀ 匀䔀䌀唀刀䤀吀夀 吀䔀匀吀䤀一䜀 "(1) DEFINITION - For the purposes of this subsection, the term ਀✀猀攀挀甀爀椀琀礀 琀攀猀琀椀渀最✀ 洀攀愀渀猀 愀挀挀攀猀猀椀渀最 愀 挀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀Ⰰ 挀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀 猀礀猀琀攀洀Ⰰ  or computer network, solely for the purpose of good faith testing,਀椀渀瘀攀猀琀椀最愀琀椀渀最Ⰰ 漀爀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀椀渀最Ⰰ 愀 猀攀挀甀爀椀琀礀 昀氀愀眀 漀爀 瘀甀氀渀攀爀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀 of the owner or operator of such computer, computer system, or computer network.਀∀⠀㈀⤀ 倀䔀刀䴀䤀匀匀䤀䈀䰀䔀 䄀䌀吀匀 伀䘀 匀䔀䌀唀刀䤀吀夀 吀䔀匀吀䤀一䜀 ⴀ 一漀琀眀椀琀栀猀琀愀渀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀瘀椀猀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 猀甀戀猀攀挀琀椀漀渀 ⠀愀⤀⠀㄀⤀⠀䄀⤀Ⰰ 椀琀 椀猀 渀漀琀 愀 瘀椀漀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀愀琀 subsection for a person to engage in an act of security testing, if such਀愀挀琀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 挀漀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀攀 椀渀昀爀椀渀最攀洀攀渀琀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀椀猀 琀椀琀氀攀 漀爀 愀 瘀椀漀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 applicable law other than this section, including section 1030 of title਀㄀㠀 愀渀搀 琀栀漀猀攀 瀀爀漀瘀椀猀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀椀琀氀攀 ㄀㠀 愀洀攀渀搀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䌀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀 䘀爀愀甀搀 䄀挀琀 漀昀 1986.਀ "(4) USE OF TECHNOLOGICAL MEANS FOR SECURITY TESTING - Notwithstanding਀琀栀攀 瀀爀漀瘀椀猀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 猀甀戀猀攀挀琀椀漀渀 ⠀愀⤀⠀㈀⤀Ⰰ 椀琀 椀猀 渀漀琀 愀 瘀椀漀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀愀琀 subsection for a person to develop, produce, distribute or employ਀琀攀挀栀渀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 洀攀愀渀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 猀漀氀攀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀 漀昀 瀀攀爀昀漀爀洀椀渀最 琀栀攀 愀挀琀猀 漀昀 security testing described in subsection (2), provided such਀琀攀挀栀渀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 洀攀愀渀猀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 漀琀栀攀爀眀椀猀攀 瘀椀漀氀愀琀攀 猀攀挀琀椀漀渀 ⠀愀⤀⠀㈀⤀⸀ ਀吀栀攀 ㈀㘀   圀攀戀 猀椀琀攀 椀猀 搀攀搀椀挀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀砀瀀氀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 挀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀 猀攀挀甀爀椀琀礀 愀渀搀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀猀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 爀攀最愀爀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 眀攀愀欀渀攀猀猀攀猀 漀昀 猀攀挀甀爀椀琀礀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀 漀昀 愀氀氀 琀礀瀀攀猀⸀ ਀䤀䤀䤀⸀ 䘀愀椀爀 唀猀攀㨀 ਀匀攀挀琀椀漀渀 ㄀㈀ ㄀⠀挀⤀⠀㄀⤀ⴀ 椀琀 猀琀愀琀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 ∀猀栀愀氀氀 渀漀琀 愀昀昀攀挀琀 爀椀最栀琀猀Ⰰ 爀攀洀攀搀椀攀猀Ⰰ 氀椀洀椀琀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 漀爀 搀攀昀攀渀猀攀猀 琀漀 挀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 椀渀昀爀椀渀最攀洀攀渀琀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 昀愀椀爀 甀猀攀Ⰰ ⸀⸀⸀∀ ਀䈀漀琀栀 琀栀攀 匀漀渀礀 ⠀䈀攀琀愀洀愀砀⤀ 匀甀瀀爀攀洀攀 䌀漀甀爀琀 䌀愀猀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 㤀琀栀 䌀椀爀挀甀椀琀✀猀 䐀椀愀洀漀渀搀 刀椀漀 搀攀挀椀猀椀漀渀 琀愀氀欀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 昀愀椀爀 甀猀攀 爀椀最栀琀 昀漀爀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀 甀猀攀⸀  倀攀漀瀀氀攀 洀愀礀 琀椀洀攀ⴀ猀栀椀昀琀 愀渀搀⼀漀爀 猀瀀愀挀攀ⴀ猀栀椀昀琀 琀栀攀椀爀 爀攀挀漀爀搀椀渀最猀⸀  吀栀椀猀 愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 愀氀氀漀眀猀 䰀椀渀甀砀 甀猀攀爀猀 琀漀 眀愀琀挀栀 琀栀攀椀爀 䐀嘀䐀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 䰀椀渀甀砀 戀漀砀攀猀⸀ ਀吀栀椀猀 瀀爀漀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀琀甀琀攀 猀琀愀琀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 挀漀渀猀甀洀攀爀猀 愀爀攀 猀琀椀氀氀 愀氀氀漀眀攀搀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 昀愀椀爀 甀猀攀Ⰰ ⠀猀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀琀甀琀攀 猀愀礀猀 椀琀 栀愀猀渀✀琀 挀栀愀渀最攀搀⤀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀昀漀爀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 ⨀洀甀猀琀⨀ 戀攀 愀氀氀漀眀攀搀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 琀栀攀 琀漀漀氀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀氀氀漀眀 琀栀攀洀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 昀愀椀爀 甀猀攀⸀ ਀嘀愀甀氀琀 瘀⸀ 儀甀愀椀搀 㠀㐀㜀 䘀⸀㈀搀 ㈀㔀㔀 ⠀㔀琀栀 䌀椀爀⸀ ㄀㤀㠀㠀⤀㨀 昀愀椀爀 甀猀攀 椀猀 渀漀琀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 琀漀 甀猀攀 椀渀琀攀渀搀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 挀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 栀漀氀搀攀爀⸀ ਀匀攀最愀 瘀⸀ 䄀挀挀漀氀愀搀攀 㤀㜀㜀 䘀㈀搀 ㄀㔀㄀  ⠀㤀琀栀 䌀椀爀⸀ ㄀㤀㤀㌀⤀㨀 "We conclude based on the policies underlying the Copyright Act that disassembly of copyrighted object code is, as a matter of law, a fair use of the copyrighted work if such disassembly provides the only means of access tot hose elements of the code that are protected by copyright and the copier has a legitimate reason for seeking such access."਀ "Where there is good reason for studying or examining the unprotected aspects of a copyrighted computer program, disassembly for purposes of such study or examination constitutes a fair use."਀ ਀䤀䤀䤀⸀ 吀䠀䔀 䐀䴀䌀䄀 匀䌀䠀䔀䴀䔀 䤀匀 伀嘀䔀刀䈀刀伀䄀䐀 䄀一䐀 嘀䄀䜀唀䔀 伀一 䤀吀匀 䘀䄀䌀䔀 䄀一䐀 䄀匀 䄀倀倀䰀䤀䔀䐀⸀ ਀䤀渀 䘀椀爀猀琀 䄀洀攀渀搀洀攀渀琀 挀愀猀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 爀甀氀攀猀 漀昀 猀琀愀渀搀椀渀最 愀爀攀 爀攀氀愀砀攀搀⸀ 匀攀挀✀礀 漀昀 匀琀愀琀攀 漀昀 䴀愀爀礀氀愀渀搀 瘀⸀ 䨀漀猀攀瀀栀 䠀⸀ 䴀甀渀猀漀渀 䌀漀⸀Ⰰ 㐀㘀㜀 唀⸀匀⸀ 㤀㐀㜀Ⰰ 㤀㔀㜀 渀⸀ 㜀 ⠀㄀㤀㠀㐀⤀㬀 椀搀⸀ 愀琀 㤀㔀㠀 ⠀昀椀渀搀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 倀氀愀椀渀琀椀昀昀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀爀椀渀最 昀愀挀椀愀氀 挀栀愀氀氀攀渀最攀 to restrictions on charitable solicitations "whether or not its own First Amendment rights are at stake"). Where a statute unquestionably attaches sanctions to protected conduct, the likelihood that the਀猀琀愀琀甀琀攀 眀椀氀氀 搀攀琀攀爀 琀栀愀琀 挀漀渀搀甀挀琀 椀猀 漀爀搀椀渀愀爀椀氀礀 猀甀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀氀礀 最爀攀愀琀 琀漀 樀甀猀琀椀昀礀 愀渀 漀瘀攀爀戀爀攀愀搀琀栀 愀琀琀愀挀欀⸀ 䴀攀洀戀攀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀椀琀礀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀 漀昀 䰀漀猀 䄀渀最攀氀攀猀 瘀⸀ 吀愀砀瀀愀礀攀爀猀 昀漀爀 嘀椀渀挀攀渀琀Ⰰ 㐀㘀㘀 唀⸀匀⸀ 㜀㠀㤀Ⰰ 㠀  Ⰰ 渀⸀ ㄀㤀 ⠀㄀㤀㠀㐀⤀⸀ ਀䈀⸀ 吀栀攀 䌀栀愀氀氀攀渀最攀搀 倀爀漀瘀椀猀椀漀渀猀 䄀爀攀 匀甀戀猀琀愀渀琀椀愀氀氀礀 伀瘀攀爀戀爀漀愀搀 愀渀搀 嘀愀最甀攀⸀ ਀伀瘀攀爀戀爀攀愀搀琀栀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀猀 愀 爀攀愀氀椀猀琀椀挀 搀愀渀最攀爀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀琀甀琀攀 椀琀猀攀氀昀 眀椀氀氀 猀椀最渀椀昀椀挀愀渀琀氀礀 挀漀洀瀀爀漀洀椀猀攀 爀攀挀漀最渀椀稀攀搀 䘀椀爀猀琀 䄀洀攀渀搀洀攀渀琀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 瀀愀爀琀椀攀猀 渀漀琀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀 䌀漀甀爀琀⸀ 嘀椀渀挀攀渀琀Ⰰ 㐀㘀㘀 唀⸀匀⸀ 㜀㠀㤀 ⠀㄀㤀㠀㐀⤀ 愀琀 㠀 ㄀⸀ ਀ऀ䠀攀爀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 戀甀爀搀攀渀 漀渀 猀瀀攀攀挀栀 椀猀 焀甀愀渀琀椀琀愀琀椀瘀攀氀礀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀琀椀愀氀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 挀栀椀氀氀椀渀最 攀昀昀攀挀琀猀 愀爀攀 瀀氀愀椀渀氀礀 猀攀攀渀⸀   䘀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䐀䴀䌀䄀 爀攀猀琀爀椀挀琀猀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀氀椀昀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀Ⰰ 椀渀搀攀瀀攀渀搀愀渀琀氀礀 挀爀攀愀琀攀搀 挀漀搀攀 琀栀愀琀 栀愀猀 愀 氀攀最椀琀椀洀愀琀攀 甀猀攀⸀  䄀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䐀䴀䌀䄀 氀椀洀椀琀猀 琀栀攀 爀椀最栀琀猀 漀昀 漀琀栀攀爀猀 琀漀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀 猀瀀攀攀挀栀 ⠀嘀椀爀最椀渀椀愀 倀栀愀爀洀愀挀礀 䈀搀 瘀⸀ 嘀椀爀最椀渀椀愀 䌀漀渀猀甀洀⸀ 䌀漀甀渀猀攀氀 㐀㈀㔀 唀⸀匀⸀ 㜀㐀㠀Ⰰ 㜀㔀㘀 ⠀㄀㤀㜀㘀⤀ 嬀爀椀最栀琀猀 漀昀 挀漀渀猀甀洀攀爀猀 琀漀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀崀㬀 愀渀搀 猀攀攀 愀氀猀漀 唀渀椀琀攀搀 匀琀愀琀攀猀 瘀⸀ 一愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 吀爀攀愀猀⸀ 䔀洀瀀氀漀礀⸀ 唀渀椀漀渀Ⰰ ㄀㄀㔀 匀⸀䌀琀⸀ ㄀  ㌀Ⰰ ㄀ ㄀㔀 ⠀㄀㤀㤀㔀⤀⤀ 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀 氀攀最椀琀椀洀愀琀攀 挀漀瀀椀攀猀 漀昀 猀瀀攀攀挀栀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 ∀猀瀀愀挀攀 猀栀椀昀琀椀渀最Ⰰ∀ ∀琀椀洀攀 猀栀椀昀琀椀渀最Ⰰ∀ ∀昀漀爀洀愀琀 猀栀椀昀琀椀渀最Ⰰ∀ 戀礀 椀洀瀀漀猀椀渀最 爀攀猀琀爀愀椀渀琀猀 漀渀 挀漀渀猀甀洀攀爀猀 愀戀椀氀椀琀椀攀猀 琀漀 挀椀爀挀甀洀瘀攀渀琀 攀渀挀爀礀瀀琀椀漀渀 搀攀瘀椀猀攀猀 甀琀椀氀椀稀攀搀 琀漀 挀甀爀琀愀椀氀 猀甀挀栀 氀攀最椀琀椀洀愀琀攀 挀漀瀀椀攀猀⸀  䄀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䐀䴀䌀䄀 愀猀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 椀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 猀攀爀瘀攀 琀漀 挀甀爀琀愀椀氀 琀栀攀 爀椀最栀琀猀 漀昀 愀氀氀 䰀椀渀甀砀 甀猀攀爀猀 琀漀 愀挀挀攀猀猀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀搀 漀渀 瀀甀爀挀栀愀猀攀搀 漀爀 爀攀渀琀攀搀 䐀嘀䐀猀 ⠀嘀椀爀最椀渀椀愀Ⰰ 猀甀瀀爀愀⤀⸀   Additonally, by curtailing the ability to "disseminate" or publish decryption tools, the act creates a wholsale prohibition on the legitimate and necessary science of cryptology. This massive, widespread, restraint on scientific speech is unprecedented in its breadth and severity (Sweezy v. New Hampshire 354 U.S. 234, 249-250 (1957) on the importance of protecting scholarship and academic inquiry).਀ ਀吀䠀䔀 刀䔀儀唀䔀匀吀䔀䐀 倀刀䔀䰀䤀䴀䤀一䄀刀夀 䤀一䨀唀一䌀吀䤀伀一 刀唀一匀 䄀䘀伀唀䰀 伀䘀 䌀伀一匀吀䤀吀唀吀䤀伀一䄀䰀 䜀唀䄀刀䄀一吀䔀䔀匀 䄀一䐀 䄀䴀伀唀一吀匀 吀伀 䄀一 䤀䴀倀䔀刀䴀䤀匀匀䤀䈀䰀䔀 倀刀䤀伀刀 刀䔀匀吀刀䄀䤀一吀 伀䘀 匀倀䔀䔀䌀䠀 ਀ऀ倀氀愀椀渀琀椀昀昀猀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀 琀漀 攀渀樀漀椀渀Ⰰ 渀漀琀 琀栀攀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 漀爀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀猀 眀栀漀 挀爀攀愀琀攀搀 搀攀䌀匀匀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 爀愀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 琀眀漀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀猀 愀渀搀 愀 渀攀眀猀 洀愀最愀稀椀渀攀 眀栀漀 栀愀瘀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 愀渀搀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀攀搀 琀栀攀 挀爀攀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䐀攀䌀匀匀 椀渀 椀琀猀 挀漀渀琀攀砀琀 愀猀 愀 洀愀琀琀攀爀 漀昀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀⸀ 倀氀愀椀渀琀椀昀昀猀Ⰰ 瀀爀攀猀甀洀愀戀氀礀Ⰰ 椀渀琀攀渀搀 琀漀 猀攀攀欀 猀甀戀猀攀焀甀攀渀琀 瀀爀椀漀爀 爀攀猀琀爀愀椀渀琀猀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 栀甀渀搀爀攀搀猀 漀昀 漀琀栀攀爀 渀攀眀猀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 琀栀漀甀猀愀渀搀猀 漀昀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀椀漀渀 猀椀琀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 戀椀氀氀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 甀猀攀爀猀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䌀漀渀琀攀渀琀 匀挀爀愀洀戀氀椀渀最 匀礀猀琀攀洀 ⠀䌀匀匀⤀⸀  䐀椀猀挀甀猀猀椀漀渀猀 挀攀渀琀攀爀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀甀氀琀猀 漀昀 攀昀昀漀爀琀猀 琀漀 戀爀攀愀欀 琀栀攀 眀攀愀欀 猀攀挀甀爀椀琀礀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀猀 漀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 䌀匀匀 搀攀瀀攀渀搀猀⸀    Our democratic society values and diligently protects its hard fought freedoms. The United States Constitution guarantees the freedom to speak freely, to generate discourse and to advance innovation through the exchange of ideas. ਀ The First Amendment provides that 'Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech . . . [I]t is settled that when . . . the judicial process is invoked to restrict expressive activities on public property, 'state action' is implicated entitling the aggrieved party to the protection of the First and Fourteenth Amendments. [Citations.] ਀ San Diego Unified Prot. Dist. v. U.S. Citizens Patrol, 63 Cal. App. 4th 964, 970, 74 Cal. Rptr. 2d਀㌀㘀㐀 ⠀㄀㤀㤀㠀⤀ ⠀挀椀琀椀渀最 倀氀愀渀渀攀搀 倀愀爀攀渀琀栀漀漀搀 瘀⸀ 圀椀氀氀椀愀洀猀Ⰰ 㜀 䌀愀氀⸀㐀琀栀 㠀㘀 Ⰰ 㠀㘀㠀Ⰰ ㌀  䌀愀氀⸀ 刀瀀琀爀⸀ ㈀搀 㘀㈀㤀 (1994)).਀ऀ吀栀攀 唀⸀匀⸀ 匀甀瀀爀攀洀攀 䌀漀甀爀琀 栀愀猀 渀漀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 椀猀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 攀最愀氀椀琀愀爀椀愀渀 洀攀搀椀甀洀猀 椀渀瘀攀渀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 最爀攀愀琀攀猀琀 搀攀洀漀挀爀愀琀椀挀 琀漀漀氀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 ㈀㄀猀琀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀⸀  刀攀渀漀 瘀⸀ 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 䌀椀瘀椀氀 Liberties Union, 521 U.S. 844, 851 (1997). The Internet is "the most participatory form of mass਀猀瀀攀攀挀栀 礀攀琀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 ⴀ 嬀愀渀搀崀 椀猀 攀渀琀椀琀氀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 栀椀最栀攀猀琀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀椀漀渀 昀爀漀洀 最漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀愀氀 椀渀琀爀甀猀椀漀渀⸀∀   Id. at 883, 884. The Supreme Court recognized in Reno that the Internet is a "unique and wholly new medium of worldwide human communication" which disseminates "content as diverse as human thought." Id. at 852. Recognizing the need for the highest level of protection from governmental restraints on speech, the Supreme Court likened expression in on-line chat rooms to town criers with voices resonating far from the soap box, and likened expression in newsgroups having characteristics similar to traditional street pamphleteers. Id. at 2344. ਀ऀ吀栀攀 䐀攀䌀匀匀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀 椀琀猀攀氀昀 椀猀 猀瀀攀攀挀栀 椀渀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 椀猀 愀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀⸀㘀  伀琀栀攀爀 昀漀爀洀猀 漀昀 眀爀椀琀椀渀最Ⰰ 椀渀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀猀 漀爀 ∀挀漀搀攀猀Ⰰ∀ 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 洀甀猀椀挀Ⰰ 栀愀瘀攀 氀漀渀最 戀攀攀渀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 ∀猀瀀攀攀挀栀∀ 搀攀猀攀爀瘀椀渀最 䘀椀爀猀琀 䄀洀攀渀搀洀攀渀琀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀椀漀渀 ⸀  䴀甀猀椀挀Ⰰ 攀椀琀栀攀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀 猀栀攀攀琀 洀甀猀椀挀Ⰰ 漀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀 挀漀搀攀 瀀氀愀礀攀搀 漀渀 愀 瀀氀愀礀攀爀 瀀椀愀渀漀 椀猀 ∀猀瀀攀攀挀栀∀  昀漀爀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀猀 漀昀 䘀椀爀猀琀 䄀洀攀渀搀洀攀渀琀 椀渀焀甀椀爀礀⸀ 圀愀爀搀 瘀⸀ 刀漀挀欀 䄀最愀椀渀猀琀 刀愀挀椀猀洀Ⰰ 㐀㤀㄀ 唀⸀匀⸀ 㜀㠀㄀Ⰰ 㜀㤀  ⠀㄀㤀㠀㤀⤀⸀  匀椀洀椀氀愀爀氀礀Ⰰ 漀琀栀攀爀 椀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀 猀攀琀猀 愀渀搀 洀愀渀甀愀氀猀 愀爀攀 愀氀猀漀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀攀搀 猀瀀攀攀挀栀Ⰰ 攀瘀攀渀 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀漀猀攀 椀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀猀 洀愀礀 愀氀猀漀 栀愀瘀攀 瀀漀琀攀渀琀椀愀氀氀礀 搀愀洀愀最椀渀最 攀昀昀攀挀琀猀 ⠀唀渀椀琀攀搀 匀琀愀琀攀猀 瘀⸀ 吀栀攀 倀爀漀最爀攀猀猀椀瘀攀Ⰰ 䤀渀挀⸀Ⰰ 㐀㘀㜀 䘀⸀ 匀甀瀀瀀⸀ 㤀㤀  ⠀圀⸀䐀⸀ 圀椀猀⸀ ㄀㤀㜀㤀⤀ 嬀猀瀀攀攀挀栀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀 栀礀搀爀漀最攀渀 戀漀洀戀崀⤀⸀  䌀漀瀀礀爀椀最栀琀 挀愀猀攀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 栀愀瘀攀 攀砀愀洀椀渀攀搀 挀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀 挀漀搀攀 栀愀瘀攀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀氀礀 挀漀渀挀氀甀搀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀猀 攀洀戀漀搀礀 攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 焀甀愀氀椀昀礀 愀猀 ∀氀椀琀攀爀愀爀礀 眀漀爀欀⸀∀  ㄀㜀 唀⸀匀⸀䌀⸀ ꜀㄀ ㄀㬀 䨀漀栀渀猀漀渀 䌀漀渀琀爀漀氀猀 瘀⸀ 倀栀漀攀渀椀砀Ⰰ 㠀㠀㘀 䘀⸀㈀搀 ㄀㄀㜀㌀Ⰰ ㄀㄀㜀㔀 ⠀㤀琀栀 䌀椀爀⸀ ㄀㤀㠀㤀⤀⸀  䤀渀 愀搀搀爀攀猀猀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 椀猀猀甀攀Ⰰ 愀 爀攀挀攀渀琀 一漀爀琀栀攀爀渀 䐀椀猀琀爀椀挀琀 挀漀甀爀琀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀愀氀氀礀 昀漀甀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 挀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀 挀漀搀攀 椀猀 猀瀀攀攀挀栀 搀攀猀攀爀瘀椀渀最 漀昀 䘀椀爀猀琀 䄀洀攀渀搀洀攀渀琀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀椀漀渀 ⠀䈀攀爀渀猀琀攀椀渀 瘀⸀ 唀⸀匀⸀ 䐀攀瀀琀⸀ 漀昀 匀琀愀琀攀Ⰰ ⠀䈀攀爀渀猀琀攀椀渀 䤀⤀Ⰰ 㤀㈀㈀ 䘀⸀ 匀甀瀀瀀⸀ ㄀㐀㈀㘀 ⠀一⸀䐀⸀ 䌀愀氀⸀ ㄀㤀㤀㘀⤀⤀⸀㜀  As in the Bernstein case, here, the DeCSS program is written information, albeit in computer language rather than in plain English.8 There is nothing about this functional writing to suggest it is more like conduct than speech (Bernstein I, 922 F. Supp. at 1435). Furthermore, as is indicated in the supporting affidavits, the need for discourse and academic inquiry in the fields of programming and cryptography supports the importance of protecting this particular speech (see Sweezy v. New Hampshire, 354 U.S. 234, 249-250 (1957) (importance of protecting scholarship and academic inquiry). Finally, any doubt that the program, the text, and the links are "speech" for purposes of First Amendment analysis is removed by the fact that the information appears on the Internet - a forum uniquely tailored for the exchange of information. ਀ ਀愀⸀ऀ倀氀愀椀渀琀椀昀昀✀猀 刀攀焀甀攀猀琀攀搀 䤀渀樀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 刀攀猀琀爀愀椀渀椀渀最 匀瀀攀攀挀栀 倀爀椀漀爀 吀漀 倀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 䤀猀 倀爀攀猀甀洀瀀琀椀瘀攀氀礀 唀渀挀漀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀椀漀渀愀氀  ਀ऀ䄀 ∀瀀爀椀漀爀 爀攀猀琀爀愀椀渀琀∀ 椀猀 愀渀礀 最漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀愀氀 愀挀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 愀 挀漀甀爀琀 椀渀樀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 瀀爀攀瘀攀渀琀猀 speech from reaching the public. San Diego Unified, 63 Cal. App.4th at 970. Any prior਀爀攀猀琀爀愀椀渀琀 椀猀 琀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 搀愀渀最攀爀漀甀猀 椀洀瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 漀渀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀猀✀ 昀爀攀攀搀漀洀 漀昀 猀瀀攀攀挀栀 ⠀一攀戀爀愀猀欀愀 倀爀攀猀猀 Ass'n v. Stuart, 427 U.S. 539, 559 (1976) ("Prior restraints on speech and publication are the਀洀漀猀琀 猀攀爀椀漀甀猀 愀渀搀 氀攀愀猀琀 琀漀氀攀爀愀戀氀攀 椀渀昀爀椀渀最攀洀攀渀琀 漀渀 䘀椀爀猀琀 䄀洀攀渀搀洀攀渀琀 爀椀最栀琀猀∀⤀⤀⸀  吀栀攀爀攀昀漀爀攀Ⰰ 爀攀焀甀攀猀琀 for such a restraint "comes to [the] Court bearing a heavy presumption against its constitutional validity" ( New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713, 714 (1971)).਀ऀ䤀渀 琀栀攀 椀渀猀琀愀渀琀 挀愀猀攀Ⰰ 瀀氀愀椀渀琀椀昀昀 挀漀渀挀攀搀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 猀攀攀欀猀 琀漀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀 漀渀氀礀 瀀爀椀瘀愀琀攀 ⠀愀猀 漀瀀瀀漀猀攀搀 琀漀 national) interests. As such, plaintiff cannot overcome the presumption that the requested prior restraint is unconstitutional. The proper remedy for plaintiff is to sue for damages if it perceives any harm that is directly caused by the defendants' speech, not to restrain that speech before it reaches the intended audience. ਀ b. The Requested Court Action Would Have a Chilling Effect On Speech, And Would Cause Harm To Society ਀ The requested injunction would send an unprecedented wave across cyberspace, chilling cyber-speech in its wake. The injunction would tell web operators that, contrary to principles of free speech, web publishers are required to rule out any possibility that speech may infringe on potentially untraceable intellectual property rights of others before they may post that speech, link to it, or otherwise discuss it.9 The injunction would also immediately stop the current innovation embodied by the DeCSS program and will chill other attempts at education, creativity, collaboration, innovation, and creation of other non-proprietary programs and systems. ਀ऀ吀栀攀 爀攀焀甀攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀樀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 猀琀攀瀀 椀渀 挀爀攀愀琀椀渀最 愀 氀椀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 洀椀渀攀昀椀攀氀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 琀栀愀琀 眀椀氀氀 攀昀昀攀挀琀椀瘀攀氀礀 戀愀爀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀椀瀀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 昀漀爀甀洀⸀  䤀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀猀 眀栀漀 搀漀 渀漀琀 栀愀瘀攀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 琀漀 爀甀氀攀 漀甀琀 愀渀礀 瀀漀琀攀渀琀椀愀氀 挀漀洀瀀氀愀椀渀琀猀 漀昀 椀渀昀爀椀渀最攀洀攀渀琀 漀爀 洀椀猀愀瀀瀀爀漀瀀爀椀愀琀椀漀渀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 昀漀爀挀攀搀 琀漀 爀攀昀爀愀椀渀 昀爀漀洀 瀀漀猀琀椀渀最Ⰰ 氀椀渀欀椀渀最 漀爀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀椀渀最 愀渀礀琀栀椀渀最 漀渀 琀栀攀 眀攀戀 昀漀爀 昀攀愀爀 漀昀 氀愀眀猀甀椀琀猀⸀  䄀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 爀攀洀漀瘀愀氀 漀昀 氀椀渀欀猀 琀漀 漀琀栀攀爀 眀攀戀 猀椀琀攀猀 ⠀琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 椀渀樀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀⤀ 眀椀氀氀 愀氀猀漀 攀昀昀攀挀琀椀瘀攀氀礀 爀攀猀琀爀愀椀渀 愀渀礀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 猀瀀攀攀挀栀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 ∀氀椀渀欀攀搀∀ 眀攀戀 猀椀琀攀Ⰰ 爀攀最愀爀搀氀攀猀猀 漀昀 眀栀攀琀栀攀爀 漀爀 渀漀琀 椀琀 爀攀氀愀琀攀猀 琀漀 䐀攀䌀匀匀⸀  ਀ ਀ LACK OF COPYRIGHT POWER ਀ The copyright power in the Constitution provides Congress the power "To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their਀爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 眀爀椀琀椀渀最猀 愀渀搀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀椀攀猀∀⸀  吀栀攀 最爀愀渀琀 漀昀 瀀漀眀攀爀 琀漀 漀昀昀攀爀 攀砀挀氀甀猀椀瘀攀 爀椀最栀琀猀 椀猀 爀攀最甀氀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀琀攀搀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀 ⴀⴀ 琀漀 瀀爀漀洀漀琀攀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀最爀攀猀猀 漀昀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀 愀渀搀 挀爀攀愀琀椀瘀椀琀礀⸀  䌀漀渀最爀攀猀猀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 栀愀瘀攀 琀栀攀 瀀漀眀攀爀 to grant exclusive rights which do not ultimately promote progress, but which instead merely create and enrich monopolies.਀ ਀一伀 䤀刀刀䔀倀䄀刀䄀䈀䰀䔀 䠀䄀刀䴀 䠀䄀匀 䈀䔀䔀一 匀䠀伀圀一 䈀夀 倀䰀䄀䤀一吀䤀䘀䘀匀 ਀ऀ倀氀愀椀渀琀椀昀昀猀 爀攀焀甀攀猀琀 琀栀椀猀 瀀爀攀氀椀洀椀渀愀爀礀 椀渀樀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 最甀椀猀攀 琀栀愀琀 椀爀爀攀瀀愀爀愀戀氀攀 栀愀爀洀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀昀愀氀氀 琀栀攀洀Ⰰ 瀀爀椀漀爀 琀漀 琀爀椀愀氀Ⰰ 椀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀甀爀琀 昀愀椀氀猀 琀漀 愀挀琀⸀  䤀渀 昀愀挀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 搀攀䌀匀匀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 眀椀搀攀氀礀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 攀瘀攀爀礀眀栀攀爀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀氀搀 猀椀渀挀攀 愀琀 氀攀愀猀琀 伀挀琀漀戀攀爀 漀昀 ㄀㤀㤀㤀⸀  䘀漀爀 渀攀愀爀氀礀 昀漀甀爀 洀漀渀琀栀猀Ⰰ 瀀氀愀椀渀琀椀昀昀猀 猀愀琀 椀搀氀礀 戀礀Ⰰ 爀攀氀礀椀渀最 猀漀氀攀氀礀 漀渀 琀栀爀攀愀琀攀渀椀渀最 氀攀琀琀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 琀愀欀椀渀最 渀漀 氀攀最愀氀 愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀  一漀眀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 搀攀䌀匀匀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀 琀栀漀爀漀甀最栀氀礀 搀椀猀琀爀椀戀甀琀攀搀Ⰰ 瀀氀愀椀渀琀椀昀昀猀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀 琀漀 挀漀渀琀攀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 椀爀爀攀瀀愀爀愀戀氀攀 栀愀爀洀 眀椀氀氀 漀挀挀甀爀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 渀漀眀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀爀椀渀最⸀  匀甀挀栀 愀渀 愀爀最甀洀攀渀琀 椀猀 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 戀愀猀椀猀 猀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 搀椀猀猀攀洀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 戀礀 琀栀爀攀攀 搀攀昀攀渀搀愀渀琀猀 眀椀氀氀 瀀爀漀瘀攀 洀攀愀渀椀渀最氀攀猀猀 眀栀攀渀 挀漀洀瀀愀爀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 琀栀漀甀猀愀渀搀猀 漀昀 眀攀戀 猀椀琀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 挀甀爀爀攀渀琀氀礀 猀栀漀眀 琀栀攀 搀攀䌀匀匀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀⸀ Plaintiffs also provide wild speculation of mass piracy and disaster should the deCSS system be permitted to remain public. Closer scrutiny shows that the deCSS code was intended to create a DVD player (for the Linux system), not a copying mechanism. Indeed, currently, the simplest and most prevalent DVD piracy system is straight "bit for bit" copy of a DVD - with no utilization of deCSS. Indeed, once it is understood that deCSS simply permits playing the DVD on other systems (such as Linux), it becomes clear that a DVD "pirate" has no use for deCSS since the "pirate's" entire market will be using CSS enabled players. Such a DVD "pirate," who creates wholesale, illegal, DVD "knock-offs" is subject to stiff criminal sanctions, irrespective of DMCA. ਀ऀ倀氀愀椀渀琀椀昀昀猀 愀氀猀漀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀 琀漀 猀瀀攀挀甀氀愀琀攀 琀栀愀琀 搀攀挀爀礀瀀琀攀搀 䐀嘀䐀 搀愀琀愀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 洀愀猀猀 搀椀猀琀爀椀戀甀琀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀⸀  吀栀攀礀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀 琀漀 漀瘀攀爀氀漀漀欀 琀栀攀 昀愀挀琀 琀栀愀琀 䐀嘀䐀猀 栀漀氀搀 㔀⸀㈀ 最椀最愀戀礀琀攀猀 漀昀 搀愀琀愀⸀  䄀渀 愀洀漀甀渀琀 漀昀 搀愀琀愀 猀漀 氀愀爀最攀 琀栀愀琀 甀瀀氀漀愀搀椀渀最 愀 猀椀渀最氀攀 最椀最愀戀礀琀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀愀琀愀 眀漀甀氀搀 琀愀欀攀 愀瀀瀀爀漀砀椀洀愀琀攀氀礀 㐀  栀漀甀爀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 攀渀琀椀爀攀 洀漀瘀椀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 琀愀欀攀 愀瀀瀀爀漀砀椀洀愀琀攀氀礀 ㈀   栀漀甀爀猀Ⰰ 甀猀椀渀最 愀 ∀昀愀猀琀∀ 㔀㘀䬀 洀漀搀攀洀⸀  䄀猀猀甀洀椀渀最 愀 洀椀渀椀洀愀氀 琀椀洀攀 挀漀猀琀 漀昀 ␀㄀⼀栀爀Ⰰ 愀渀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 眀漀甀氀搀 渀攀攀搀 琀漀 攀砀瀀攀渀搀 琀攀渀 琀椀洀攀猀 琀栀攀 愀洀漀甀渀琀 漀昀 洀漀渀攀礀 琀漀 漀戀琀愀椀渀 愀 ∀搀攀挀爀礀瀀琀攀搀 洀漀瘀椀攀∀ 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀攀琀 愀猀 琀栀攀礀 眀漀甀氀搀 琀漀 漀戀琀愀椀渀 愀 氀攀最愀氀 挀漀瀀礀 昀爀漀洀 䈀氀漀挀欀戀甀猀琀攀爀 瘀椀搀攀漀 ⠀椀最渀漀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 昀愀挀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 瘀椀搀攀漀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 爀攀渀琀攀搀 昀漀爀 攀瘀攀渀 氀攀猀猀 洀漀渀攀礀⤀⸀   ਀⸀ ਀䌀伀一䌀䰀唀匀䤀伀一 In short, plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate they would suffer irreparable harm between today and the date of the trial. On the other hand, there is no question that the defendants as well as the public at large will suffer harm based on the imposition of a prior restraint on speech. For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiffs' application for a preliminary injunction should be denied in all respects. ਀ ਀ ਀䤀 搀攀挀氀愀爀攀 甀渀搀攀爀 瀀攀渀愀氀琀礀 漀昀 瀀攀爀樀甀爀礀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 昀漀爀攀最漀椀渀最 椀猀 琀爀甀攀 愀渀搀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀⸀  ਀䔀砀攀挀甀琀攀搀㨀  Elmsford, New York, ਀䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀 ㄀㤀Ⰰ ㈀    ਀开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开开  Peter L. Katz (PK-5820) ਀㐀㔀 䬀渀漀氀氀眀漀漀搀 刀漀愀搀 Elmsford, New York 10523਀吀攀氀攀瀀栀漀渀攀㨀 ⠀㤀㄀㐀⤀ ㌀㐀㔀ⴀ   ㄀ Facsmile: (914) 345-8316਀ ALLONN E. LEVY (pro hac vice admission to be applied for)਀䠀唀䈀䔀刀 ☀ 匀䄀䴀唀䔀䰀匀伀一Ⰰ 倀⸀䌀⸀  210 N. Fourth Street, Suite 400 ਀匀愀渀 䨀漀猀攀Ⰰ 䌀䄀 㤀㔀㄀㄀㈀  Telephone: (408) 295-7034 ਀䘀愀挀猀椀洀椀氀攀㨀 ⠀㐀 㠀⤀ ㈀㤀㔀ⴀ㔀㜀㤀㤀  ਀刀伀䈀䤀一 䐀⸀ 䜀刀伀匀匀  ⠀瀀爀漀 栀愀挀 瘀椀挀攀 愀搀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 琀漀 戀攀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 昀漀爀⤀ ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION ਀㄀㔀㔀  䈀爀礀愀渀琀 匀琀爀攀攀琀Ⰰ 匀甀椀琀攀 㜀㈀㔀  San Francisco, CA 95103 ਀吀攀氀攀瀀栀漀渀攀㨀 ⠀㐀㄀㔀⤀ 㐀㌀㘀ⴀ㤀㌀㌀㌀  Facsimile: (415) 436-9993 ਀ ਀